NETWORKING CONCEPTS

Group 7 Abdullah Hamid Narendra Ahuja Abhijeet Gaikwad Mayank Goel Ankush Gupta Vineet Inamdar Pramod Kanojia Pratap Lata

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AGENDA
Basic Networking Concepts

Network Hardware
Network Characteristics

Physical Organization of Networks

Protocols and Standards

Network Architecture
Wireless and Mobile Networks

BASIC NETWORKING
What is a Network ?

A network is the most cost-effective way to share a collection of communication equipment such as PC's, servers, printers and modems that have been connected together by cables

A network helps people collectively, not just individually

work

NETWORK DIAGRAM

How is a Network connected ?

SIMPLE COMPUTER NETWORK

How file sharing takes place in a simple computer network?

THE BASIC NETWORK

Server or Client Workstation Networking Interface Cards (NIC) Cabling Networking Operating System such as Windows NT/2000, XP, 2003 Server, Vista, Linux etc.

NETWORK HARDWARE

Types of connections of computers into networks: Physical versus Wireless connections

The first type: The Physical Connection Physically connect computers together Use of wires or optical cables The connections are called network links Three most common physical links: Twisted pair Coaxial cable Fiber-optic cable

NETWORK HARDWARE

Twisted pair Two wires twisted together Makes them less susceptible to acting like an antenna and picking up radio frequency information or appliance noise Telephone company uses twisted-pair copper wires to link telephones

NETWORK HARDWARE

Coaxial cable Also two wires:

One

of the wires is woven of fine strands of copper forming a tube The wire mesh surrounds a solid copper wire that runs down the center Space between has a non-conducting material Makes them more impervious to outside noise

NETWORK HARDWARE

Fiber-optic cable

Light is electromagnetic Can transmit more information down a single strand

It

can send a wider set of frequencies

Each cable can send several thousand phone conversations or computer communications

NETWORK HARDWARE

Second type of connection of computers into networks: Wireless connections

The

link is made using electromagnetic energy that goes through space instead of along wires or cables Three types of wireless communications commonly used in networking:
Infrared Radio

frequency Microwave

 Founded

in 1955 and nationalized in 1969

Owns 3rd highest no. of branches in the world and highest

in India Statistical information about the State Bank group (As on 1st Jan. 2010)
No. of Branches No. of ATMs Employees 17385 20000 2,05,000

Transaction per day

3,00,00,000

CORE BANKING: WHAT IS IT?

CORE- Centralized online real time exchange Network of the branches Centralized database Facilitates ATM, Fund transfers, Internet Banking and RTGS etc Makes Inter branch reconciliation faster and accurate Brings uniformity in banking operations

WHY DID SBI MIGRATE TO CORE BANKING?

Technological disadvantage to compete with global giants and Indian banks Customers did business with branch, not with bank Unification of services Delivery of new product capacities to all customers Reversal of customer attrition rate

VENDOR CONSORTIUM SELECTION

Evaluation of solution on following criterion

Architecture
Software

process engineering Scalability Field proof points Functionality

Based on the above criterion, SBI awarded contract to TCS, HP and FNS

TCS BANCS- CORE BANKING SOLUTION

Product Technology and Functionality

Software Programming Language Operating System Database Processor FNS BANCS (now TCS BNCS) COBOL, .NET on front end HP UX Oracle 9i HP Super dome

storage

HP XP24K SAN, 320 TB

FEATURES OF FNS BANCS

24 x 7 availability providing continuous customer service Online real time Internet banking, ATM, POS, RTGS, SWIFT, for multiple channel operations Message-based interfaces Browser-based front end providing easy manoeuvrability for users and ease of operations Offline branch functionality for key transactions (in case of network failure) Parameterized product setup and cloning, allowing faster product launches

HOW SBI BRANCHES MIGRATE TO CORE BANKING?

Training staff Network setup Hardware setup Software installation Data cleansing from Bankmaster to TCS BNCS Testing of migration Data migration in the production region

Business Benefits
Spee d
Online banking

Accurac y

ATM

Contro l

Product Flexibility Cost saving

Banking Anywhere

NETWORK CHARACTERISTICS

Topology The geometric arrangement of devices on the network or the shape of a localarea network (LAN) or other communications system

THE PHYSICAL ORGANIZATION OF NETWORKS

Node: The generic name given to all devices hooked up to a network

Each node must have a unique address assigned to it by the network Networks are either direct-connected or those that are not directly linked Direct-connected network: Those whose nodes have direct connections through either physical or wireless links Example of a network that is not directly linked: Internet

THE PHYSICAL ORGANIZATION OF NETWORKS

The bus network A

Linking nodes:

continuous coaxial cable to which all the devices are attached All nodes can detect all messages sent along the bus

THE PHYSICAL ORGANIZATION OF NETWORKS

The ring network Nodes

Linking nodes:

linked together to form a circle A message sent out from one node is passed along to each node in between until the target node receives the message

THE PHYSICAL ORGANIZATION OF NETWORKS

The star network Each

Linking nodes:

node is linked to a central node All messages are routed through the central node, which delivers it to the proper node

THE PHYSICAL ORGANIZATION OF NETWORKS

The tree network (hierarchical network)

Looks

Linking nodes:

like an upside-down tree where end nodes are linked to interior nodes that allow linking through to another end node

THE PHYSICAL ORGANIZATION OF NETWORKS

The fully connected network

Linking nodes:

All nodes are connected to all other nodes

Internetworking

Connecting together any number of directconnected networks The largest: Internet

NETWORK CHARACTERISTICS

Protocols The rules and encoding specifications for sending data

The protocol defines the format and meaning of the data that is exchanged The protocols also determine whether the network uses a peer-to-peer or client/server architecture

PROTOCOLS - ROLES

Addressing and routing of messages Error detection Recovery Sequence and flow controls Example: HTTP protocol for communication between web browsers and servers

COMMUNICATION AND NETWORK PROTOCOLS

TCP/IP
VoIP Internet telephony

Session initiation protocol(SIP)

NETWORK STANDARDS : THE OSI REFERENCE MODEL

Physical layer - defines characteristics of the network

the

physical

Data-link layer provides safe communication of data over the physical network Network layer - handles connection to the network by the higher layers Transport layer - provides end-to-end errors detection and correction

NETWORK STANDARDS : THE OSI REFERENCE MODEL

Session layer - manages sessions among applications

Presentation layer provides standard data representations for applications Application layer - applications connected to the network

AFL

Move Towards Centralization

ABOUT AFL
Provider of Express/Courier, Cargo, Distribution, Warehousing Integrated logistic provider servicing Indian and international clients. Partnerships with multinationals like DHL, Western Union, and Carlson & Wagonlit Travels Provides integrated supply chain services including consulting and operations

NEED FOR CENTRALIZATION

Many divisions and subdivisions spread across the country To cut down the time on information flow and efficiency A reliable connectivity across all centers needed to achieve centralized operations

THE SOLUTION

A network that connects 85 90 locations using a mix of media:

leased

lines optical fibre dialup lines ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network)

Adapt its network for centralized computing applications

THE BENEFITS
Improvement in the speed of transaction Transactions on real time basis More accuracy in tracking consignment Possible for the customers to track their consignments through website Perspective for management on day to day basis On demand generation of MIS

CENTRALIZED APPLICATIONS
Earlier local collection of data on legacy applications and consolidation at headquarters in batch mode Real time collection after implementation of Warehouse, International Cargo, and Package Express Legacy applications to be phased out Central updating the location of parcel enroute to destinations

CENTRALIZED APPLICATIONS
Upgrading the network with the help of new servers and back-up systems and primary storage High end Vanguard routers (MPR 7300) to minimize network latency Deployment of HP-9000 series servers at the headquarters to host centralized applications Plan to implement HP's MC ServiceGuard clustering solution to increase up time LAN upgradation and adequate redundancy

MULTIPLE CONNECTIVITY
Hub and Spoke structure Mesh connectivity used to connect Hub locations through

Leased ISDN RF

Line

links

Protocols used are TCP/IP for LAN and Frame Relay for WAN OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) protocol instead of RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

MESSAGING AND SECURITY

Lotus notes as it is compatible with both NT and Unix Security achieved through elaborate multilayer network security architecture Selections of Motorola as service provider as it offered best bandwidth optimization for voice

PARTIAL OUTSOURCING
In-house management would have been costly Selection of Convergent Technologies as outsourcing partner as it had good spread and their technical expertise on the product Flexibility in providing full support or partial support Deployment on short notice Cost saving on recruitment, training and incidental expenses

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE AND SIZE

LAN
MAN Home Networks WAN

LOCAL AREA NETWORK(LAN)

Connects two or more communicating devices

Is usually intra-organizational, privately owned, internally administered Integrates a wide range of functions into a single system

METROPOLITAN-AREA NETWORK (MAN)

Usually consists of two or more LANs in a common geographic area Typically, a service provider is used to connect two or more LAN sites using private communication lines or optical services

It can also be created using wireless bridge technology by beaming signals across public areas

HOME NETWORKS

They are the computer-networking infrastructure installed at home Components are very similar to those used in an office network but the scale is much smaller By connecting them to a network, various tasks can be performed

WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

WANs interconnect LANs, which then provide access to computers or file servers in other locations Because WANs connect user networks over a large geographical area, they make it possible for businesses to communicate across great distances WANs allow computers, printers and other devices on a LAN to be shared with distant locations

WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

WANs provide instant communication across large geographic areas Collaboration software provides access to real-time information and resources and allows meetings to be held remotely

WANs have created a new class of workers called telecommuters. These people never have to leave their homes to go to work

WAN TECHNOLOGIES

Modems Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

Digital subscriber line (DSL)

Frame Relay Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)

WAN DIAGRAM

NESTLE CASE STUDY

CASE OVERVIEW

Nestec S.A. (HQ)

Vevey, Switzerland

Generic research centre (CRN)

Lausanne, Switzerland

Product specific research sites (RECOs)

All over the world

ORIGINAL SCENERIO

HP3000 provided gateway between LAN & WAN HQ using mainframes and token ring N/W Centralized gateway managed by Infonet in USA Nestle S.A. entities autonomous

BUSINESS NEED

HQ using IBM mainframe not compatible Need to communicate with the research companies Global access to internet

MAIN DATA FLOWS

Group A Inter Swiss RECOs Group B Swiss RECOs CRN Group C CRN HQ Group D RECOs & CRN HQ Group E Swiss RECOs & CERN Infonet Group F Swiss RECOs, CRN & HQ Internet

NETWORK REQUIREMENTS
Security Avoid point of failures Cost Optimization Minimize maintenance costs Solution for different data flow, protocols

SWISS RECO

RESEARCH CENTER (CRN)

NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Point to point 64 Kbps leased lines for C & D Two separate routers

For B,C, D (CRN 1) For E, F (CRN 2)

CRN 2 as gateway to outside world

HQ ROUTER DESIGN

KEY LEARNINGS
Multi Vendor Wide Area Transport Networks essential Avoidance of mixing and matching for new network In case of old systems, go for consolidation Robust architecture required

WIRELESS NETWORKS
Computer Network is wireless Interconnection between nodes wireless Electromagnetic waves as a carrier Wi-Fi Network /WLAN Lower layers of network-security/encryption Standalone wireless networks on VPNs Speeds up to 50 Mbps possible

PHYSICAL AND DATA LINK LAYER

Physical Layer: The wireless NIC takes frames of data from the link layer Scrambles the data in a predetermined way Uses the modified data stream to modulate a radio carrier signal Data Link Layer: Uses Carriers-Sense-Multiple-Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)

NEED FOR WIRELESS NETWORKS

Mobility Cost
Wiring

installed is less

Time Locations

WIRELESS NETWORKS

WIRELESS OPERATING MODE

Infrastructure Mode
Connect

computers with the help of wireless router to network

Ad Hoc mode
Connect

wireless clients directly together 9 wireless clients Share files or printer

TYPES OF WIRELESS CONNECTIONS

Wireless PAN
Devices

are connected within a small area Bluetooth Intel My WIFI and Windows 7 virtual Wi-Fi 802.15 networking standard

Wireless LAN
Wireless

implementation of LANs Wi-Fi/IEEE 802.11 Fixed wireless data

WIRELESS LAN

Frequency hopping
Use a radio carrier that hops from frequency to frequency in a pattern known to both transmitter and receiver Resistant to noise

Direct sequence
use a carrier that remains fixed to a specific frequency band Data signal is spread onto a much larger range of frequencies The data signal is spread onto a much larger range of frequencies

TYPES OF WIRELESS CONNECTIONS

Wireless MAN
Connect
WiMax MMDS

several LANs

LMDS

Wireless WAN
Covers

large outdoor areas Deployed on 2.4 GHz band

MOBILE NETWORKS
Radio Network distributed over cells Cells served by base station Enables portable devices to communicate Packet switched network for mobile data PSTN to connect subscribers to wider telephone network Core circuit switched network for handling voice calls and text

HOW DOES A MOBILE NETWORK WORK ?

Mobile phones use radio frequency (RF) fields to send and receive calls An RF signal is sent to the nearest base station, which sends the signal to a digital telephone exchange and on to the main telephone network Connects the signal to the receiving phone, again via a base station Mobile phones connect to the base station providing the best signal

GSM
Signalling and speech channels are digital and thus GSM is considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system Mobile phones connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity five different cell sizes in a GSM network macro, micro, Pico, femto and umbrella cells Modulation used in GSM is Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) Operate in a number of different carrier frequency ranges

CDMA
Channel Access method used by various radio communication technologies CDMA employs spread spectrum technology and a special coding scheme to allow multiple users to be multiplexed Modulated coded signal has a much higher data bandwidth than the data being communicated.

3G

3G is the next generation of mobile communications systems Enhances the services such as multimedia, high speed mobile broadband, internet access with the ability to view video footage Video calls, watch live TV, access the high speed internet, receive emails and download music tracks peak data rates of at least 200 Kbit/s

4G
MAGIC An all IP, packet switched network Data rate of at least 100 mbit/s Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple networks High quality of service for next generation multimedia support

CASE STUDY ON MOBILE NETWORKS

Connecting Rural India with Broadband Wireless Access

RURAL INDIA: A BRIEF PERSPECTIVE

Economic and communication growth Wireless connections outpace Wired network connections Increased development but low penetration of telecom in the rural areas Large semi skilled and skilled workforce Per capita income very low Big opportunity for mobile wireless networks in rural India

RURAL INDIA: PROBLEMS

Sectors that suffer due to lack of information and access:

Education

and Training Health services Agriculture Production and Manufacturing Finance

Potential to double the per capita expenditure Scope for building a rural inclusive model

NETWORK ACCESS: CURRENT SITUATION IN RURAL INDIA

Telecom connectivity abruptly halting at towns and cities Agriculture only source of survival, Low incomes and BPL families Industrial development not reached full potential Basic amenities yet to reach remote villages Cellular coverage only within a radius of 5 km Villages spaced 40 Km away from the main markets, limited mode of communication

INFRASTRUCTURE AND REGULATION BOTTLENECKS

Cost of Tower Set up very high

Minimum

Height of 40m required Large Investment in infrastructure, particularly in expensive steel No proper infrastructure support for tower set up

Lack of available power

RF

coaxial cables for top of tower costly and consume 55% power Current equipment quite expensive

INFRASTRUCTURE AND REGULATION BOTTLENECKS

No proper Distribution
Phones,

SIMs, spares and accessories difficult to procure in rural areas Lack of basic training to the users, so higher maintenance costs

Billing and collection infrastructure for prepaid and postpaid expensive

3G AND 4G

3G or 3rd generation

Predecessor to 4G Enhanced multimedia such as voice, data, video and remote access High speeds as fast as 2Mbps Efficient with e-mail, paging, fax, videoconferencing and web browsers Roaming capabilities on International levels

4G or 4th generation
Successor to 3G In addition to 3G, it also offers 3D gaming services, and powerful cameras and camcorders Offers substantial high download rates up to 1 Gbps when compared with 3G Will give the end user what he wants

TECHNOLOGIES USED

WiMax

LTE
Expected to offer speeds upto 40-50Mbps for downloads versus 20-25 Mbps for uploads Superior to the WiMax Technology in terms of need for speed Use of Femtocells for better connectivity in remote locations Better Integration with existing technologies

An IEEE 802.16e specification for Mobile wireless broadband access(MBWA) Cost effective and efficient solution for true mobile broadband Reductions in interference Widely accepted since open source Outstanding revenue opportunities

IMPACTS OF MOBILE NETWORKS

Agriculture:
Agriculture

support provided to each farm Provision agricultural knowledge and advisory services to farmers Access to commodity markets to hedge farmer losses and remove middlemen Use of videoconferencing to consult with agricultural experts Ability to change traditional agriculture

IMPACTS OF MOBILE NETWORKS

Education, Training and Healthcare:

Internet

key to future Need to make students in rural sector aware of available opportunities Videoconferencing sessions accessible over mobiles Better healthcare, video consultation with doctors across the globe Travel and consultation costs reduced drastically

IMPACTS OF MOBILE NETWORKS

Banking and Finance:

Great

Opportunity for financial inclusion Vast opportunity to tap into rural markets Promotions and schemes can be explained over video Instant account data made available Use of internet banking improves commerce, better scope for industrial growth

REFERENCES
Networking Concepts - Stephen Carr Goldman, R., Business Data Communication http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/ http://www.itu.int/ITUD/study_groups/SGP_20062010/events/Case_Library_old/asia_pacific/

THANK YOU