Communication

Communication is the process of sending and

receiving data or information. Computer communication is a process in which one computer sends or transfers instructions, and information to another computer. The interchange of information may happen in real time called synchronous or not in real time or asynchronous.

Telecommunication
The process of transmitting and receiving of voice,

video, or computer data in a form that could be sent and/or received by different communication devices over a long distance channel is called telecommunication. Computer users transmit and receive electronic pulses over a distance using the standard telephone lines or electromagnetic wave at different frequency allocations through the microwave system or satellite station to communicate with other users.

Telecommunication Trends

Telecommunicationbased Services

Telecommunication Network Model

A telecommunications network is any arrangement

where A sender transmits a message To a receiver Over a channel Consisting of some sort of medium

Communication Devices
Communication devices are types of hardware

capable of sending data, instruction, or information between transmitting and receiving devices. Data or information are transmitted in a unique form that could travel along a particular communication channel. A communication device sends a signal to a converter or modem before it could be transmitted along the communication channels. The signals may be transmitted using a telephone lines, fiber optics, microwave system or satellite stations. The transmitted signals are then received by another device for a translation conversion to a format that could be interpreted by the receiving devices.

Modems
The most common type of communication processor

stands for modulator and demodulator used for data conversion. Modulator is used to change digital signal from sending devices to analog signal before it could be transmitted into the line and Demodulator is used to convert analog to digital signal.

ISDN and DSL Modem

Standard telephone line could carry only one

computer signal. With the introduction of Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) and Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), the same telephone line can now carry more signals using the technique of multiplexing. ISDN is a set of standards for digital transmission of data over standard copper telephone line allowing one telephone line to be used for transmission of three or more signals at once. ISDN lines provide faster transfer rates than a modem or dial-up telephone line. DSL is another digital line that transmits signals at a

Cable Modem
Another modem that is used in cable television

network (CATV) is cable modem or broadband modem. This modem sends and receives signals over the cable television network to subscribers home providing faster Internet connections than dialup and ISDN modems. Subscribers accessing the Internet through CATV have installed splitters inside their home. One part of the splitter runs to television set and the other part is connected to the cable modem that is connected to the computer through USB port of the network interface card.

Network Interface Card

For a computer to connect to a network, it needs an

interface card. Network Interface Card (NIC) is a printed circuit board (PCB) or card that is inserted to an expansion slot of the motherboard of the computer. NIC works with Ethernet Technology or token ring, a local area network technology that allows personal computer to contend for access to a network.

Communication Channels
Channel

is an essential aspect in data communications. This serves as the pathway for communicating devices to send and receive data and information. Communication channels have bandwidth. This is the breadth of the channels where the signal travels. The higher the bandwidth, the more data or information can be transmitted through the channel. Lower bandwidth considerably affects the systems performance. Transmission Rates Narrow-band = low speed Broadband = high speed

Transmission Media
Transmission Media are made up of different

materials or techniques capable of carrying one or more signals transmitted from one device to another. When a transmission media can transmit only one signal at a time, it is called baseband. But when a media can transmit multiple signals simultaneously along the line, this refers to broadband. Broadband media is much more faster than baseband media. DSL, CATV, and Satellite offers broadband transmission. There are two types of transmission media: Physical Transmission Media (wired) and Wireless Transmission Media.

Physical Transmission Media

Twisted Pair Cable is a

transmission medium consisting of one or more insulated twisted-pair of wire bundled together as one cable. Twisting parts of insulated wire reduces the effects of electrical disturbances or interference called noise that can distort communication.

Physical Transmission Media

Coaxial cable is a

shielded high frequency transmission medium consisting of a single copper wire surrounded by insulating materials, woven or braided metal and plastic outer covering. Coaxial cable has 80 times the transmission capacity of the twisted-pair cable.

Physical Transmission Media

Fiber optic cable is an

insulated thin strand of glass or plastic (as thin as human hair) where signals converted to light fires by laser burst pass through. A fiber optic cable may consist of dozens or hundreds of thin strands of glass or plastic called optical fiber.

Wireless Transmission Media

Communication Satellite is a space station 22,300

miles above the earths equator. This receives microwave signals from earth-based station, amplifying the signals and transmitting it back over a wide area to any number of earth-based stations as fast as 50 Mbps. The transmission of signal from earth-based station to space satellite is called uplink. And the transmission of signal from space satellite to earth-based station is called downlink. Among the users of communication satellite are television and radio broadcasting stations, video conferencing, global positioning system (GPRS), air navigation, and weather forecasting.

Wireless Transmission Media

Microwave radio transmission involves transmitting

of electromagnetic signals from one microwave station to another at a rate of 45 Mbps. Microwave stations are earth-based stations that have a reflective disc containing antenna, transceiver, and other equipment used in line-of-sight transmission of signals.

Wireless Transmission Media

Broadcast Radio is a wireless transmission that

involves sending or distributing of signals through the air either over short distance or long distance. Radio transmission requires a transmitter and receiver to transmit and receive radio signals. The receiver of the broadcast signal must have an antenna located within the range of signals being transmitted.

Wireless Transmission Media

Bluetooth is a technology that uses short-range

radio wave transmission among other users using Bluetooth enabled-device. It has a small chip that allows devices to communicate with other enabled devices. Each device must be within the range of communication signals at about ten meters or more using an additional equipment.

Wireless Transmission Media

Infrared (IR) is similar to microwave radio that needs

no obstruction on the line of its signal transmission. Infrared is a transmission media that transmit signals using infrared light waves at the speed of 1 to 4 Mbps. Some other examples of devices that use infrared are television remote control, wireless keyboard, mouse, printers, digital cameras, digital telephone, bank security system and cell phones.

Wireless Transmission Media

Cellular radio is a form of broadcast radio that is

widely used for mobile communication like the cellular telephone and wireless modem. The data transfer rate for cellular radio ranges from 9,600 bps to 14.4 Kbps.

Wireless Transmission Media

Personal Communication Services (PCS) is a set

of technologies for digital cellular devices that have voice mail, call forwarding, fax capability, and caller ID. These devices also have wireless modems allowing Internet access and e-mail capabilities. Among these devices are handheld computers, cellular phone, pages and fax machine.

Comparing Technologies

Communications Processors

Network Concepts
A network is an interconnected or interrelated chain,

group or system. It consists of two or more computer system connected by a communications channel among users to facilitate and allow sharing and exchange of information and other resources with other users. Computer network may span over a specific geographic area and are linked to each other using cables, telephone wires, radio waves, satellite, or infrared light beams. The number of possible connections in a network is N(N-1) or N2N. {N = number of nodes or points of connection}

Types of Communications Networks

Wide Area Network (WAN) is a physical or logical

network that provides data communications to a large number of independent users than are usually served by a local area network and is usually spread over a large geographic are than that of a LAN.

Types of Communications Networks

Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is

confined in limited geographic areas connecting computers like in a building or one establishment.

Types of Communications Networks

Virtual Private Networks (VPN) used to establish

secure intranets and extranets. The internet is the main backbone network. It relies on network firewalls, encryption, and other security features to build a pipe through the internet.

Types of Communications Networks Client/Server Networks

Clients are end user personal computers or networked

computers Servers are used to manage the networks Processing is shared between the clients and servers and is sometimes called two-tier architecture. Larger computer systems are being replaced with multiple client/server networks.

Types of Communications Networks

Peer-to-Peer

Networks P2P file-sharing software connects all PCs to a central server, when a PC requests a file, the server searches all active peers on the network, the server sends the requesting PC a list of links to all active peers who have the file. Clicking the link connects the two PCs and automatically transfers the file to the requesting PC.

Network Topologies
Topology refers to the physical arrangement of

connected devices on a communication network.

Basic Types of

Network Topologies Bus Network Ring Network Star Network Tree Network Mesh Network

Network Topologies
Bus Network consists of a single central cable to

which the computers and other devices are connected. The backbone is the physical cable that connects the computers and other devices. Ring Network is a network layout connecting computers and devices in a closed loop and data transmission in a ring network travels from one device to another around the entire loop in one direction. In ring topology two cable paths exist; messages can only travel in one direction. Star Network of computers and devices connected to a central computer form a star. The central computer, called hub serves a common connection points for transmitting and sending data to some other devices connected to the network, thus forming a star.

Network Topologies
Tree network is a configuration that incorporates

multiple star connection onto a bus topology. This bus and star interconnection supports future expansion of the network better than a bus topology due to limitation in the number of devices generating broadcast traffic. Tree topology is more advantageous over star topology due to limitation in the number of hub interconnection points. Mesh network is configuration topology that involves the concept of routes where messages sent took any several possible paths from the source to its destinations. Wireless networks are often implemented as a mesh.

Value of Telecommunications Networks

Internet and the World Wide Web

Internet is a worldwide network of interconnected

computers that transmit and receive data or information using the standard protocol. It interconnects large and small networks around the world including personal, domestic, academic, business, non-profit organizations and government network, which may have various information and services like e-mail, voice mail, newsgroup, video conferencing, instant messaging, facsimile, online chatting, file transfer and other interlinked web pages and documents of the World Wide Web.

Internet and the World Wide Web

World Wide Web is not synonymous to Internet. What

makes Internet different from the WWW is that the Internet provides the structural design or architecture of the network, and the World Wide Web provides the method for storing and retrieving interconnected documents linked by hyperlinks and Uniform Resource Locator (URL). It is an information space on the Internet where hypermedia documents are all stored. These electronic documents can be retrieved by computers users surfing for information by means of a unique addressing scheme. This is one among many services available on the Internet that provides worldwide collections of electronic document called Web page presented in a form of text, graphic, audio, and video

Internet Revolution
The

Internet has become a global information superhighway Millions of smaller, private networks operating independent of, or in harmony with, each other 10 servers in 1991 to over 46 million today Sustained growth in excess of 1 million servers per month No central computer system No governing body Based on common standards

Business Use of the Internet

Business Value of the Internet

Intranet and Extranet

Intranet is a private

internal network that applies Internet technologies such as Internet protocol, network connectivity, and even public telecommunication system to securely share information among other users in the organizations. Intranet is a small version of Internet that exists within an organization or company.

Intranet and Extranet

Extranet is a private network that uses the Internet

protocol and the public telecommunication system to securely share part of a businesss information or operations with suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or other businesses.

Searching for Information on the Web

Computer users connected to the Internet need a web

browser to access the web pages. Web browser is a software or program that allows the user to access web pages. This is a software system that enables the users to retrieve hypermedia by typing in search parameters or clicking on a graphic. {Microsoft Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox} Website is a collection of related Web pages that refer to a computer linked to the internet containing hypermedia that can be accessed from any other computer in the network by means of hypertext links. Home page refers to the first page of any Web site that provides information about the sites purpose and content.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

Uniform Resource Locator instructs the browser where

the web document is located. Three Parts of URL Protocol is set of communication standards that governs the communication of data over the Web. {http://} Domain Name is an equivalent text of an Internet Protocol (IP) address or address of the Website where the Web page is stored. {www.google.com} Path is a part of URL that identifies the account of the Website. HTML, which stands for hypertext markup language, is the program code that creates the hypertext links, and it is entered in lower-case letters.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

When the correct URL is entered in the browser, it

sends a request to the Web server that store the Web site being requested. The Web server then retrieves and delivers the Web page to the browser of the requesting computer user. In searching for specific topics in the Web, the users enter a word or phrase called search text or keyword in the textbox of the search engine. The total number or list of displayed Websites found by the search engine listed on the computer screen is called, hits.

Types of Web Pages

Advocacy is a web page that contains content that

describes a cause, opinion, or idea and explains to the reader the validity of the cause, opinion or idea. The web page is usually sponsored by an organization attempting to influence the public opinion. Web page of this type frequently ends in .org (organization). Business and Marketing content promotes or sells products or services. Web pages are sponsored by commercial enterprises usually to promote or sell products and services. The URL address of this type of page frequently ends in .com.

Types of Web Pages

Informational is one whose objective is to present

factual information. The URL address of this type of page frequently ends in .edu or .gov . These web pages are sponsored by educational institutions or government agencies. News web page contains newsworthy materials including stories and articles relating to current events, life, money, sports, and weather. The URL address of the page commonly ends in .com.

Types of Web Pages

Portal is a web page that functions as a point of access

to information on the World Wide Web. This type of web page offers information and services from a single convenient location. Among the services are e-mail, news, stock prices, and other features. {yahoo, google} Personal web pages are created and published by individual persons. The content is personal in nature and is something that interests him to create. Personal web page could be the entire contain of the domain name belonging to a person called the personal website or could be part of a larger domain on which other pages are located like the GeoCities.

Assignment:
List the top 20 most popular web sites (local and

international). Discuss and illustrate the OSI and TCP/IP Model. How is Moores Law and Metcalfes Law related to the advancement of technology, telecommunications and networking? How does the Internet change the culture and habits of people and affected the development business? How will this trend revolutionize the society within the next 10 or 20 years?