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Human Foetal Development:

a) Explain the embryogenesis and developmental stages from zygote from zygote through cleavage, formation of morula, blastocyst and gastrula b) Explain organogenesis from germ layers to the formation of organs c) Describe the extraembryonic development and functions of each extraembryonic membrane and placenta d) State the foetal growth development: 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester ( human gestation can be divided into three trimesters of about three months each )

EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN HUMANS


After fertilization / conception, development begins in the oviduct as the embryo is moved toward the uterus Early developmental stages: i. Cleavage a succession of rapid cell divisions divides zygote into smaller cells called blastomeres 1st division complete ~ 36 hours after fertilization

CHAPTER : REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN HUMANS


1 zygote forms the two-celled stage

the four-celled stage

a morula ( solid ball of 16-32 cells )

CHAPTER : REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN HUMANS

CHAPTER : REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN HUMANS


~ day 7, blastocyst is formed ( with over 100 cells ) within it is a fluid-filled cavity called blastocoel at one end is a cluster of cells ( inner cell mass ) outer layer of cells is the trophoblast blastocyst reaches the uterus & begins to implant

CHAPTER : REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN HUMANS


trophoblast secretes enzymes to penetrate the endometrium it forms the chorion which continues to expand into the endometrium inner cell mass forms 2 layers of cells ( epiblast & hypoblast ) epiblast will develop into the embryo proper & amnion hypoblast will form the yolk sac

CHAPTER : REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN HUMANS


ii. Gastrulation - inward movement of epiblast forms the embryo proper with 3 germ layers ( ectoderm, mesoderm & endoderm ) - development of 4 extraembryonic membranes ( chorion, amnion, yolk sac & allantois ) occurs

CHAPTER : REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN HUMANS


iii. Organogenesis - formation of organs begins with formation of neural tube, notochord & somites hollow neural tube originates from dorsal ectoderm & it will form the CNS notochord ( longitudinal, flexible rod ) forms from dorsal mesoderm & it provides skeletal support somites forms from mesoderm & they will form the vertebrae and muscles

CHAPTER : REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN HUMANS

CHAPTER : REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN HUMANS


by end of organogenesis, regions of the 3 germ layers develop into rudiments of major organs eg: ectoderm epidermis of skin; nervous system; sensory organs mesoderm skeletal system; muscular system; kidney; heart endoderm epithelial lining of intestines; organs relating to the digestive system

CHAPTER : REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

DEVELOPMENT OF EXTRAEMBRYONIC MEMBRANES


Tissue layers formed outside the embryo proper Support further embryonic development 4: chorion, amnion, yolk sac & allantois i. Chorion Develops from trophoblast Surrounds the embryo & other extraembyonic membranes Outer layer forms chorionic villi where O2 & nutrients are acquired for the foetus Will form the foetal portion of placenta

CHAPTER : REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

DEVELOPMENT OF EXTRAEMBRYONIC MEMBRANES


Placenta: combination of chorion ( the foetal portion ) & endometrium tissues ( the maternal portion ) contains foetal & maternal blood vessels transports nutrients, respiratory gases & metabolic wastes between foetus & mother ( blood from embryo travels to placenta via the umbilical cord ) also secretes estrogens, progesterone, HCG ( human chorionic gonadotropin ), HCS ( human chorionic somatotropin ) & prostaglandin

CHAPTER : REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

DEVELOPMENT OF EXTRAEMBRYONIC MEMBRANES

CHAPTER : REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

DEVELOPMENT OF EXTRAEMBRYONIC MEMBRANES


ii. Amnion Forms from epiblast Encloses the embryo in a fluid-filled amniotic cavity Protects embryo from drying out & cushions it against mechanical shocks

iii. Yolk sac Forms from hypoblast Encloses another fluid-filled cavity ( no yolk ) In humans, it is small Yolk sac membrane is site of early formation of blood cells

CHAPTER : REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

DEVELOPMENT OF EXTRAEMBRYONIC MEMBRANES


iv. Allantois Develops as an outpocketing of embryos gut Incorporated into the umbilical cord Forms blood vessels that transport respiratory gases, nutrients & wastes between embryo / foetus and placenta

CHAPTER : REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

DEVELOPMENT OF EXTRAEMBRYONIC MEMBRANES

CHAPTER : REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

DEVELOPMENT OF EXTRAEMBRYONIC MEMBRANES

CHAPTER : REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

THE FOETAL GROWTH DEVELOPMENT


Pregnancy / gestation is the condition of carrying new developing individuals in the uterus Averages 38 weeks ( from conception ) or 40 weeks ( from the start of last menstrual cycle )

Divided into 3 trimesters ( 3 months each )

CHAPTER : REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

THE FOETAL GROWTH DEVELOPMENT 1st trimester


Zygote divides 24 hours after fertilization Blastocyst formed ~ day 7 Blastocyst implants into endometrium ~ day 12 Embryo obtains nutrients from endometrium for first 2 4 weeks ( while placenta is developing ) Organogenesis occurs in 1st trimester ( during which embryo is most sensitive to radiation & drugs ) Early organogenesis: neural tube, notochord Later: heart, liver, brain, eyes, pharyngeal grooves, limb buds & tail
CHAPTER : REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

THE FOETAL GROWTH DEVELOPMENT 1st trimester

By 8th week, rudiments of all major organs are present Embryo is now a foetus ( ~ 5cm by end of 1st trimester )

CHAPTER : REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

THE FOETAL GROWTH DEVELOPMENT 2nd trimester


Foetus grows (~ 30cm) Pregnancy becomes obvious Very active ( mother may feel movement )

CHAPTER : REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

THE FOETAL GROWTH DEVELOPMENT

3rd trimester
Rapid growth of foetus ( ~ 3.5kg, 50cm ) Foetal activity may decrease Mothers abdominal organs become compressed & displaced

CHAPTER : REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

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