STATUS OF AIR QUALITY IN KARACHI, PAKISTAN 1.

Status of urban air pollution

2. Impacts of urban air pollution

3. Steps to be taken to control urban air pollution

Major Factors Causing Air Pollution

Main causes:
Rapid urbanisation Growing energy needs Uncontrolled Industrial growth

Increase in Traffic
Indiscriminate Refuse Burning

The 15 Largest cities in the world, 1996, 2015

0 Tokyo Bombay Lagos So Paulo Dhaka Karachi Mexico City Shanghai New York Calcutta Delhi Beijing Metro Manila Cairo Los Angeles 5,000,000 10,000,000 15,000,000 20,000,000 25,000,000 30,000,000

2015 1996

POPULATION IN KARACHI
INTRODUCTION : POPULATION KARACHI POPULATION TO TOTAL URBAN POPULATION TOWNS UNION COUNCILS CANTONMENT BOARDS POPULATION 12 MILLION 30% 18 178 06 05% P/A

VEHICLE CENSUS IN KARACHI

REGISTERED VEHICLES (UPTO 31-03-2003 CARS MOTOR CYCLES AUTO RICKSHAWS TAXIS BUSES & MINI-BUSES TRUCKS OTHERS TRACTORS VEHICLE GROWTH ROAD ACCIDENTS-2000 NONFATAL FATAL 14,63,691 45.3% 37.0% 2.8% 3.8% 1.6% 1.7% 7.5% 0.3% 10% PERANNUM 1089 531 558

Source: Transport and communication, CDGK

SHARE OF ON-ROAD VEHICLES IN KARACHI

Cars Rickshaws Taxis Trucks Others Tractors Buses & Mini Busis Motor Cycles

Transportation and Urban Environment

Transportation has been the major source of urban pollution Major share of CO, VOC, SO2 and NOx pollution is coming from Urban Transportation

Ambient air quality falling below air quality standards

Growing as one of the major GHG contributors Alarming trends of vehicular growth in Karachi

Exhaust Emission of Pakistani Cars, US-EPA & European Emission Standards for Cars for the year 2000 (g/Km)
Carbon Monoxide Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides

Emission Standards for Both Gasoline & Diesel Vehicles US EPA European 2.13 2.30 0.25 0.20 0.62 0.15

Pakistani Cars as under:

Honda Civic (Gasoline) Honda City (Gasoline) Toyota Corolla 2 D (Diesel)

2.30 2.30 1.2

0.20 0.20 0.4

0.15 0.15 0.5

ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SECTOR

1999-2000

2.7% 22.6%

Domestic
34.7% 3.1%

Commercial Industrial Agriculture Transport

2.7% 34.3%

Other Govt.

(Excluding fuels consumed in thermal power generation

Estimated Pollution Load From Mobile Combustion Sources in Karachi (2000)

Type of Vehicles %age comp. * Total Vehicles Average Run/day Units # Particulate Kg /Unit# SO2 Kg/Unit # NOx Kg/Unit# CO Kg/Unit#

Light duty (Cars) Motorcycles/ Scooters Light duty Rickshaws

39.6

405108

28 km

1000 km 1000 km 1000 km

3743

907

36298

453728

31.9

326337

10 km

652

65

229

55483

17.1

174933

100 km

5773

1399

55979

699732

Heavy duty Diesel Powered Bus/Trucks Other (Light duty diesel power etc.) Total

9.3

95139

100 km

1000 km

7136

14271

199792

120826

2.1

21483

50 km

1000 km

484

419

1063

1182

10,23,000

METEOROLOGY THE AREA

Hourly average wind at Karachi Airport for the months of January, 2003

Hourly average wind at Karachi Airport for the months of April, 2003

SUPARCOS 20 YEARS IN ENVIRONMENT

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT STUDY.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Karachi(1984-2004) Rawalpindi-Islamabad (1996, 2004) Lahore (1995, 2004) Peshawar (2003-2004) Quetta (2003-2004) Northern Areas (2001) Multan (2003)

o o o

ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITS OF INDUSTRIAL UNITS EIAs OF INDUSTRIAL PROJECTS CLOUD AND FOG CHEMISTRY IN NORTH AND NORTH EASTERN PART OF PAKISTAN

CONDUCT OF BASELINE (AMBIENT AIR QUALITY) STUDY IN MAJOR CITIES OF PAKISTAN UNDP/ENERCON FERTS PROJECT
To establish

PROJECT OBJECTIVES
record
levels ambient

year long behavior of

of
and

concentration
air pollutants

along with
six major

metrological
cities and with spatial

data and traffic count in temporal

parameters.

500 450 400 350 USEPA Limit (24h) for TSP is 260 ug/m3

Industrial Sites

Residencial Areas

USEPA Limit (24h) for PM10 is 150 ug/m3

Commercial Centers /Major Intersections

Con. in ug/m3

300 250 200 150 100 50 0

Ra sh id

Max level of TSP & PM10 at Various Sites at Karachi during June 2004

R d. W es I.I tW .C ha hu rf nd rig ar R d. Ci vi c Ce nt re

re a Na zi m ab ad G .J au ha r

SI TE

G iz ri

Rd .

.A re a

on

K. Cr ea

B. A

Co l

R n El en

d.

Ba lo ch

gi

Ko ra n

G ar de

In d

an h

F.

de r

as

TSP PM10

CONC.OF PARTICULATE MATTER (TSP & PM10) AT VARIOUS SITES AROUND CEMENT PLANTS DURING 2002.
600 550

CONC.OF PARTICULATES ( ug/m3)

500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 ESSA CEMENT FACTORY (1Km)*

TSP ug/m3 PM10 ug/m3

DADABOHY PAK LAND Hospital 7D(1 Km CEMENT CEMENT from Javedan FACTORY(1Km)* FACTORY (3km)* Cement Factory

A view of a Cement Plant in Karachi

Views of Roads of Karachi

As the countries become motorized, vehicles will contribute increasingly to urban air pollution.
Vehicle emissions, including highly damaging emissions of lead and of fine particulate matter, are often among the main contributors to air pollution (World Bank technical paper No. 508).

Effects of Particulate Matter (PM) Increases in hospitalization for lung and heart problems Increases in days of restricted activity in adults An increase in absenteeism in school children. Mortality and other chronic effects associated with long-term exposure to low concentrations of PM (starting at about 10 g/m).

Source: World Health Organization, European Center for Environment & Health

120

Sound Level in Six Cities of Pakistan

NEQS Standard limit for Noise Level is 85 dB

100
Sound Level (Mean of Max.)

80

60

40

20

Karac hi 79.5 92 99

Lahor e 87 91 93.8

Pesh aw ar 84.5 81 85

Quett a 74.3 85 83

Raw al pindi 68.3 85 89

Islam abad 74.9 79 82

1st Cycle 2nd Cycle 3rd Cycle

Smog and reduced visibility in the atmosphere

of Karachi due to air pollution

Vehicle emissions, together with stationary and natural sources, are important in the formation of ground level ozone, which causes health damage as well as damage to vegetation and crops.

Conc. Of SO2, Nox,Ozone in ppb and CO in ppm

60

Residencial Areas

50

SO2 NOx Ozone CO

Industrial Sites

Commercial Centers /Major Intersections

40

30

20

10

0
.A re a SI TE Gi zr i rR d. rig a re a ad r Rd . zim de n Ce nt re Ci vic ny olo .A ab au ha

hC

Ba

an gi

Max levels of SO2, NOx, Ozone, CO at Various Sites at Karachi during June 2004

I.I .C

Ko r

hu nd

WHO standard for (8 hrs )CO id 8.7 ppm

G. J

F. B

WHO standard for (24 hrs )SO2 is 34 ppb

In d

loc

Ga r

Na

Max. Particulate matter observed in Six Major Cities of Pakistan

1100 1000 900 800
TSP in ug/m3

US EPA Permissible Limit for TSP (Annual mean) is 260 ug/m3

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

Karachi 367.2 332 339 390 Lahore 730 996 785 886 Peshawar 350 401 341 489 Quetta 645 659 492 680 Rawalpindi 416 420 389 435 Islamabad 395.7 421 433 472

2003(1st Cycle) 2003 (2nd Cycle) 2004(3rd Cycle) 2004 (4th Cycle)

Max. Concentration of PM10 in S ix Major Cities of Pakistan

400 375 350 325 300 275 250 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 Karachi 2003(1st Cycle) 2003 (2nd Cycle) 2004(3rd Cycle) 2004 (4th Cycle) 250 219 227 280 Lahore 367.98 290 293 300 Peshawar 289 230 213 310 Q uetta 297.6 285 201 310

U S EP A P e r m i ssi bl e Li m i t f or P M 10 ( A nnua l m e a n i s 15 0 ug/ m 3

PM10 Con. in ug/m3

Rawalpind Islamabad i 208 201 173 230 238.1 216 224 240

USEPA Permissible Limit (24h) for 60 SO2 is 140 ppb 50

Max. SO2 Concentration at Six major Cities of Pakistan

NEQS Permissible Limit (Annual mean) for SO2 is 38 ppb

SO2 concentration in pbb

40

30

20

10

0 2003(1st Cycle) 2003 (2nd Cycle) 2004 (3rd Cycle) 2004 (4th Cycle)

Karachi 38.5 34.3 42 44

Lahore 37 52.5 53 55.7

Peshawar 30 33 43 42

Quetta 46.2 42.5 29 45.5

Rawalpindi 25 29 27 37

Islamabad 34 34.6 33 37.5

Max. CO Concentration in Six Major Cities of Pakistan

30 27.5 25 22.5 20 USEPA Permissible Limit (8h) for CO is 10 ppm

CO in ppm

17.5 15 12.5 10 7.5 5 2.5 0 Karachi 21 20 24 22.8 Peshaw ar 14 11 12 16.5 Lahore 21.8 21 26 26.8 Quetta 16.7 15 13 18 Raw alpindi 8.7 12 14 16.5 Islamabad 7.8 8 10 12.5

2003(1st Cycle) 2003 (2nd Cycle) 2004 (3rd Cycle) 2004 (4th Cycle)

Max. Oxides of Nitrogen in different Cities of Pakistan

70 1999 2003(1st Cycle) 60 2003 (2nd Cycle) 3rd Cycle 50 Chock Yateem Khana, Lahore 2004 Mezan Chock, USEPA Permissible Quetta, June 2003 Limit (Annual mean) for Nox is 50 ppb

NOx in ppb

40

30

20

10

0 Karachi Lahore Peshaw ar Quetta Raw alpindi Islam abad

Cities

Max. Ozone Concentration in Major Cities of Pakistan

60

Ozone Concentration in ppb

50 40

30 20

10 0

Karachi 45.6 38 41 48

Lahore 43.5 45 49 51

Peshaw ar 46 38 44 48

Quetta 43 41.1 25 44.4

Raw alpindi 39 40.5 34 42

Islamabad 35 36.7 32 38.5

2003(1st Cycle) 2003 (2nd Cycle) 2004 (3rd Cycle) 2004 (4th Cycle)

Seasonal CO Concentration Variations in Six Major Cities of Pakistan (Max. & Mean of max.)
26 24 22 20 18
21 20 24 21.8 21 26

USEPA Permissible Limit (8h) for CO is 10 ppm

1st Cycle 3rd Cycle 1st Cycle(max.Avg.) 3rd Cycle(max. Avg.)

2nd Cycle (max.Avg.) 2nd Cycle

14 13 12 10 10.3 10.2 8.7 7 6.3 5 10 8 8 7.8 5.5 5

CO in ppm

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
15 14 11.5 10 9.1 8 7 12 11

17 15.1 14

16.7 15

Karachi

Peshawar

Lahore

Quetta

Rawalpindi

Islamabad

Karachi: 1st Cycle: (Postmonsoon) 2nd Cycle: (Winter) 3rd Cycle: (Spring)

Peshawar: 1st Cycle: (Postmonsoon) 2nd Cycle: (Winter) 3rd Cycle: (Spring)

Lahore: 1st Cycle (Postmonsoon) 2nd Cycle: (Winter) 3rd Cycle: (Spring)

Quetta: 1st Cycle: (Summer) 2nd Cycle: (Winter) 3rd Cycle: (Spring)

Rawalpindi: 1st Cycle: (monsoon) 2nd Cycle: (Winter) 3rd Cycle: (Spring)

Islamabad:1st Cycle: (monsoon) 2nd Cycle: (Winter) 3rd Cycle: (Spring)

Concentration of Trace Constituent in Aerosol Samples at Different sites at Karachi

Site Conc.
SPARCENT Max 2000 Max 2003 4.46 -0.15 0.1 3.77 0.08 0.16 0.12 4.15 0.09 SITE KHI Max 2000 12.3 0.28 3.8 0.61 3.54 1.67 Max 2003 4.23 0.31 4.2 0.67 3.89 1.84 F.B. Area Max Max 2000 2003 15.2 3.7 0.85 0.9 1.39 0.93 0.99 1.53 1.1 1.0 3.04 Garden Road Max Max 2000 2003 15.63 0.44 4.31 0.48 0.7 0.1 0.29 0.12 0.73 West wharf Max 2000 15.71 1.12 0.7 1.14 0.91 2.86 Max 2003 4.6 0.23 077 1.25 1 3.15 Elender Rd. Max 2000 16.25 0.52 1.1 1.57 8.0 2.36 Max 2003 3.1 0.57 1.21 1.73 14.2 2.59

Pb Ni Mn Co Zn Cr

0.75

12.98 14.3 1.66 1.8

KARACHI AIR POLLUTION MAP

IMPACTS OF URBAN AIR POLUTION

Economic and Health Impacts
Economic Impacts
Increased health costs Loss of crops and property

Health Impacts
Increased Mortality and Morbidity 2-5% of all deaths in developing countries due to exposure to particulates Acute respiratory Infection (ARI) Reduced IQ in children

Decline in tourist revenue

Transboundary Impacts
Haze & smog Acid deposition acid rain Climate change green-house gases Ozone depletion ecosystem damage

Measures To Be Taken ...

Gasoline lead phase out program Diesel sulphur phase out program Control on the entry of older & polluting vehicles in to urban areas Conversion of vehicles to CNG buses Improved road network by means of a network of flyovers Implementation of Public Transport System

STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION

REGULATORY MEASURES
Standards and Regulatory Authorities Enforcement of NEQS

Public Awareness and Judicial Action

Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs)

STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION

Tax Incentives for Cleaner Fuel Use Taxes Based on Pollution Load

Taxes for Using Leaded Gasoline

Subsidies

STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION

TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS/

CLEANER PRODUCTION ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS

Energy Efficient Industrial Processes Fuel-efficient Stoves

Energy Efficient Appliances and Lighting

Electrostatic Precipitators in Power Plants & Cement Plants Cleaner Alternative Fuels Unleaded and low sulphur motor fuels Compressed natural gas ( CNG)

STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION

Catalytic Converters for Vehicles

Alternative Energy Sources such as Wind Power, Photovoltaic

STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION

Adopt suitable best practices from other cities Identify and reduce air pollution loads Encourage public transport use Make cleaner fuel use mandatory stop leaded gasoline and high sulphur diesel Encourage Alternative Energy Sources such as Wind

Power, Photovoltaic
Enforce regulations stringently

STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION

PREVENTIVE
Obtain political commitment (macro policy)
Draft and adopt suitable regulations and standards Identify and adopt appropriate technologies Promote environmental education and public awareness Invite stakeholder participation in pollution reduction activities Seek consensus on actions

STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION

PREVENTIVE
Promote pro-active land-use planning Explore least cost solutions undertake economic analysis of options Reduce open burning Reduce dust on roads

Winter Fog Study

OBJECTIVES
Identify the CAUSES of Fog

Investigate the Chemical Composition of Fog Environmental Impacts Assessment of Dense Fog

Fig 1(c): Winter Fog as observed by NOAA-15 Satellite at 0812 Hrs, 30th Dec. 1999.

SATELLITE IMAGES OF FOG

SUPARCO NOAA15,28122000 0834PST
INCREASING DEGREE OF FOG DENSITY

A blanket of fog over parts of Pakistan on November 27, 2004, created poor visibility and led to several traffic-related deaths

MEAN VISIBILITY DURING DECEMBER 1997-2000 OVER DEHLI AND LAHORE

2000

1999

M I L E S

1998

1997

LAHORE DEHLI

DECEMBER

Mean visibility of Lahore & Islamabad

60

40 20 0
25 15 5

Sb x 103 Sb x 103

As x 103

14
10 6 50

Se x 103

NO3-

35 20 100 70
40 10 1 2 3 4

SO42-

Jan. 1999 Concentrations in ug/m3 of SO42- , NO3- , Se, As, and Sb in 12 hour samples at Lahore, Pakistan.

Fog

Clear Fog SO4-2/Se

Se x 103

As x 103

NO3-

SO4-2

25

27

29

31

10

Concentrations in ug/m3 of SO4 2, NO3-, Se and SO4- 2/Se ratios in aerosol samples at Lahore, Pakistan.

December 1999 - January 2000

CONCLUSION
Excessively high sulphate (SO4-2) concentrations varying from 49.8 to 141 ug/m3 and NO3 from 3 to 74.5 ug/m3 concentrations were observed during the fog.
Measured atmospheric SO4-2/Se ratios and wind data suggest that the sources of SO4-2 in Lahore were located several hundred kms away to the south. Since India ranks fourth among the countries in coal consumption, the SO2 emissions and sulphate (SO4) aerosols from coal combustion in India results in the formation of this fog. Pollutant are emitted by combustion of fossil fuels in industries and especially in thermal power plants located in northeastern India. Other sources of these pollutants include refuse burning, open