ENGLISH PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY

[1] English Phonetics And Phonology, Peter Roach, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. [2] An , Introductory English Grammar, C. Norman Stageberg4th edition, Japan: Hold-Saunders, 1983. [3] An Introduction To Language, A. Victoria Fromkin v nhiu tc gi khc, 4th edition. Florida: Harcourt Australia Pty Ltd, 1990. [4] Understanding Phonology, Carlos Gussenhoven & Haike Jacogs, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. [5] Sound Foundations, Adrian Underhill, Oxford: Heinemann, 1994. I> Materials

[6] Essential Introductory Linguistics, G. Hudson, London: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 2000. [7] Introduction To Theoretical Linguistics, J. Lyons, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971. [8] Phonetics, J. D. OConnor, London: Penguin, 1991. [9] Contemporary Linguistics, William OGrady, New York: St. Martin Press, 1993. [10] English Phonology, Colin Yallop, Sydney: National Centre for English Language Teaching and Research, Macquarie

II> Main content

1/ The production of speech sounds: Vowels and consonants: definition, differences; short and long vowels - Ging 2/ Articulators above the larynx - T hc 3/ Diphthongs and triphthongs - Ging 4/ Larynx - T hc 5/ Respiration and voicing, plosives: definition, classification, characteristics - Ging 6/ Fortis and lenis - T hc 7/ Fricatives and affricates: definition, classification, characteristics - Ging 8/ Nasals and other consonants: definition, classification, characteristics 9/ Phoneme and phonology: definition, symbols and transcription - T hc

10/ Syllable: nature; strong and weak syllables - T hc 11/ Syllable: structure of a syllable; syllabic consonants - Ging 12/ Stress in simple words: nature, levels of stress, placement of stress within the word - T hc 13/ Stress in simple and complex words - Ging 14/ Stress: variable stress; word-class pairs - T hc 15/ Sentence stress; Weak forms - Ging 16/ Aspects of connected speech: rhythm - T hc 17/ Aspects of connected speech: assimilation, elision, linking - Ging 17/ Intonation: definition, functions - T hc 18/ Intonation contour - Ging

III> Tests

10%: class attendance & class presentation 1/ Multiple-choice Theory+practice questions 20%: 45-minute test 2/ Practice 70%: 60-minute test

Marks will be given to all members of the selected groups. Those who have good presentation will get a bonus from 0.251.0 points/each time Other students are encouraged to raise questions to the presenting group. Bonuses are also given to those who have good questions

Criteria for marking: 5 points for good content including enough, accurate information; 3 points for good presentation skill consisting of clear display of slides, attractive voice, ease for listeners to follow, good organization: intro, body, conclusion; 2 points for satisfying answers for all questions from classmates & the teacher

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION OF PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY (pages 1-7, 38-47)

Questions for discussion (in groups of 4 students, 15-20 minutes) 1. What is the purpose of the course? (pages 1-4) 2. What is phonetics? 3. What is phonology? 4. What are phonemes? (pages 38-45)

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION OF PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY (pages 1-7, 38-47)

Phonetics: (page 44) II. describes the sounds that we use in speaking [Roach, 2000:44]. II. Phonology: is about how phonemes function in language, and the relationships among the different phonemeswhen, in other words we are studying the abstract side of the sounds of language we are studying a related but different subject that we call phonology[Roach, 2000:44]. Model of pronunciation: Received Pronunciation (RP), an old term, or BBC Pronunciation.
I.

III. Phonemes III. 1. Phonemes: (page 40)

We can divide speech up into segments, and we can find a great variety in the way these segments are made. There is an abstract alphabet as the basis of our writing, so there is an abstract set of units as the basis of our speech. These units are called PHONEMES, and the complete set of these units is called the PHONEMIC SYSTEM of the language. the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish one word from another. E.g.: bead / bi:d/, bid /b1d/, bed /bed/, bad /b`d/, bud /b^d/ are distinguished from another by vowel sounds /i:/, /1/, /e/, /`/, /^/.

III.2 Complementary distribution

when there is strict separation of places where particular realizations can occur 2 sounds are in CD E.g.: - t in tea : aspirated - t in meat : unaspirated The aspirated realization will never be found in the place where the unaspirated realization is appropriate, and vice versa. t in tea and t in meat are in CD, i.e. where one sound occurs, the other cannot.

III.3 Allophones

Allophones: different realizations of phonemes, , i.e. different realizations (pronunciations) of the same phoneme when it occurs at different positions. This difference does not affect the meaning of the unit. E.g.: aspirated t in tea, unaspirated t in meat, tap or flap t in fifty, unreleased t in but his are allophones of the same phoneme t.

III.4 Symbols and transcription

III.4.1 Phonetic symbols symbols for exact pronunciation of a speech sound, with all the details necessary for the exact quality of the sound. E.g.: pin[ph1n], time [t)1m] III.4.2 Phonemic symbols symbols for phonemes; not symbols that show the exact quality of a sound.

III.4 Symbols &transcription

III.4.3 Phonemic transcription: where every speech sound must be identified as one of the phonemes and written with the appropriate symbol; do not indicate the accurate quality of a sound / /. also called broad phonetic transcription because phonemic symbols may have different variations called allophones. III.4.4 Phonetic transcription: is much more accurate in phonetic details, and contains much more information than a phonemic transcription; contains a lot of information about the exact quality of the sounds, Also as narrow phonetic transcription [ ].

III.5 Segmental and suprasegmental phonemes

Segmental phonemes: occur on the same segment of language, one after anotherconsonants and vowels. Suprasegmental phonemes show sound contrasts that extend over several segments (phonemes); do not occur on the same segment of language, but over them. stress and intonation.

HOMEWORK

Read Articulators above the larynx, pages 810 Self-study Divide the class into groups of around 6 students & prepare at home in advance for the next lesson: Vowels and Consonants, pages 10-26 by using Microsoft Powerpoint Get ready for definitions & differences of vowels & consonants; Definitions, classification & descriptions of short and long vowels, diphthongs & triphthongs