Heat Transfer

Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical Engineering
# 1
HEAT TRANSFER
CHAPTER 8
Internal flow

Heat Transfer
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical Engineering
# 2
Internal Flow Heat Transfer
Where weve been
Introduction to internal flow, boundary layer
growth, entry effects









Where were going:
Developing heat transfer coefficient
relationships and correlations for internal flow

o
o
r
o

Heat Transfer
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical Engineering
# 3
Internal Flow Heat Transfer


KEY POINTS THIS LECTURE
Energy balance for internal flow in a tube
Temperature and heat transfer relations for two
cases:
Constant surface heat flux
Constant surface temperature



Heat Transfer
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical Engineering
# 4
Basic conceptsthermal considerations
1. The mean temperature







For the internal energy


So




For incompressible flow in a circular tube,
o
o
r
o
}
=
c
A
c v t
TdA uc E

m v t
T c m E

and
v c m
A
c v
v
A
c v
m
c A u
TdA uc
c m
TdA uc
T
c c

} }
= =

}
=
0
0
2
0
2
r
m
m
uTrdr
r u
T

Heat Transfer
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical Engineering
# 5
Basic conceptsthermal considerations
2. Newtons law of cooling


Here, the mean T plays the same role as the free
stream for external flows.


3. Fully developed conditions
because of heat transfer, T(r) is continuously
changing with x.
can fully developed conditions be reached??

For thermally fully developed




Although the temperature profile T(r) changes
with x, the relative shape of the profile no longer
changes.
) (
m s s
T T h q =
' '

T
Not constant!
0
) ( ) (
) , ( ) (
,
=
(

c
c
t fd
m s
s
x T x T
x r T x T
x

Heat Transfer
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical Engineering
# 6
Basic conceptsthermal considerations
In the thermally fully developed flow of a fluid
with constant properties, the local convection
coefficient is a constant, independent of x.



For the special case of uniform surface heat flux






For the case of constant surface temperature
) (x f h =
t fd
m
t fd
dx
dT
x
T
, ,
=
c
c
t cons q
s
tan =
' '
Axial T
gradient
Independent of
radial location
t fd
m
m s
s
t fd
dx
dT
T T
T T
x
T
, ,
) (
) (

=
c
c
t cons T
s
tan =
Depends on the
radial coordinate

Heat Transfer
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical Engineering
# 7
Example: Velocity and temperature profiles
for laminar flow in a tube of radius
have the form


with units of m/s and K, respectively.
Determine the corresponding value of the mean
(or bulk) temperature, , at this axial position.
mm r
o
10 =
m
T
( ) | |
( ) ( )
4 2
2
/ 8 . 18 / 0 . 75 8 . 344 ) (
/ 1 1 . 0 ) (
o o
o
r r r r r T
r r r u
+ =
=

Heat Transfer
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical Engineering
# 8

Heat Transfer
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical Engineering
# 9
Review: Energy Balance Analysis
x x + dx
adv in
E
,

adv out
E
,

convection
E

Energy Balance
Change in energy in the control volume =
energy input work out + energy in by advection
energy carried out by advection (flow)
or




Two Special Cases:
1. Constant surface heat flux
2. Constant surface temperature
dx q dx P q E
T c m E
T c m E
conv conv conv
dx x m p adv out
x m p adv in
'
=
' '
=
=
=
+



, ,
, ,

( )





0
0
, ,
m s
p p
conv m
m p conv
dx x m p x m p conv
T T h
c m
P
c m
P q
dx
dT
dT c m dx P q
T c m T c m dx P q
=
' '
=

' '
=
+
' '
=
+

Heat Transfer
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical Engineering
# 10
Case 1: Constant Surface Heat Flux
Example application
Electrical heater element around a pipe
Recognize that:

From the energy balance equation



if q is constant
If q is a known function
of x instead, must
integrate the above to
obtain T
m,x
) (x f q
s
=
' '



T ) (
i m,
x
c m
P q
x T
p
s
m

' '
+ =

Heat Transfer
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical Engineering
# 11
Example: Consider flow in a circular tube. Within
the test section length (between 1 and 2) a constant
heat flux is maintained.
For the following two cases, sketch the surface
temperature and the fluid mean temperature
as a function of distance along the test
section x. In case A flow is hydrodynamically and
thermally fully developed. In case B flow is not
developed.
s
q
' '
) (x T
s
) (x T
m
Solution:

Heat Transfer
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical Engineering
# 12

Heat Transfer
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical Engineering
# 13
Example: Pre-heating Water
Given:
An industrial process requires 0.2 kg/s of pre-
heated water. The average tap water
temperature during winter is known to be 10 C.
You are considering using insulated electrical
heater elements wrapped around the water pipe
to heat the water.
Electrical heaters provide 5 kW / m to the
pipe
Existing pipe is 0.05m I.D., 0.055m O.D.
Internal h = 500 W / mK
Available pipe length = 10 m






1. How hot can the outlet water temperature get
in these conditions?
2. What is wall temperature at exit?
q
' '
C 10

=
in
T
C ??

=
out
T
in
p
conv
x m
T
c m
P q
T x



,
+
' '
=

Heat Transfer
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical Engineering
# 14
Example (Contd)
Solution:




At the inlet condition:
Perimeter of pipe:
Calculations:




If the internal convection coefficient =
what is the inner wall T at the exit?



q
' '
C 10

=
in
T
C ??

=
out
T
in
p
conv
x m
T
c m
P q
T x



,
+
' '
=

K m
W
2
500
05 . 0 = = t tD P
) (
, out wall o conv
T T h q =
' '

Heat Transfer
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical Engineering
# 15
Case 2: Constant Surface Temperature
Example application
Steam condensation on the outer surface of the
tube
Start with the same general energy balance
equation





Separate variables and integrate from inlet to outlet
0
1
-

L
p
P L
h dx
m c L
(
=
}
(

L
h
h
c m
L P
T
T
p i
o


- ln

=
A
A

T h
c m
P
dx
T d
dx
dT
T T T Def ine
p
m
m s
A =
A
=
= A

) (
i
o
T
T
A
A
ln
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

h
c m
L P
T
T
p i m
o m


- exp
T
T
, s
, s

Heat Transfer
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical Engineering
# 16
Constant Surface Temperature
Temperature asymptotically approaches surface
temperature Ts as you go downstream










At any location x:
m
T
s
T
T
x
m
T
s
T
T
x
i s
T T if <
i s
T T if >
(

h
c m
x P
T T
x T T
p i m s
m s


- exp
) (
,


Heat Transfer
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical Engineering
# 17
Log Mean Temperature Difference
Define:
Log mean temperature difference (LMTD) as:


Convective heat transfer is defined by:

and

then

( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( )
o i p
o s i s p i o p conv
T T c m
T T T T c m T T c m q
A A =
= =

ln

-


- ln
i
o
p
p i
o
T
T
h L P
c m h
c m
L P
T
T
A
A
= =
A
A

( )

-
ln
conv i o
o
i
P L h
q T T
T
T
= A A =
A
A
) / ln(
i o
i o
lm
T T
T T
T
A A
A A
A
lm
T PL h A
lm s conv
T A h q A =

Heat Transfer
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical Engineering
# 18
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient,
Recall from the discussion in conduction heat
transfer, in general:








Put energy balance equation in terms of ambient
temperature, T

U
T A U q
s conv
A =
i
r
o
r
i m
i
T m
h
,
,
o m
T m
,
,

T h
o
,
Define
(

=
A
A

p
s
i m
o m
i
o
c m
A U
T T
T T
T
T


- exp
,
,

tot
R
lm
lm s conv
T
T A U q
A
= A =
s
tot
A U
R
1
=

Heat Transfer
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical Engineering
# 19
Back to Pre-heating Water Example
Revised Problem Statement:
You decide to also investigate using available
steam to heat the water.
Assume pipe wall temperature at 100 C
(condensing steam T)
Find:
How long would the pre-heating pipe length have
to be to give an outlet temperature = 50 C?





Solution method??
C 100

=
s
T
C 10

=
in
T
?? Length
C 50
=
=

out
T

Heat Transfer
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical Engineering
# 20
Pre-heating Water Example Part 2
Solution:

Fluid properties at a mean T = 30C



Reynolds number:


For turbulent flow, heating mode





Log mean temperature difference
C 100

=
s
T
C 10

=
in
T
?? Length
C 50
=
=

out
T
5.83 Pr ; 613 . 0
; 1000 ; 10 855 ; 179 . 4
3 2
6
= =
=

= =

mK
W
k
m
kg
m
s N
kgK
kJ
c
p

Turbulent! 5956
) 05 . 0 )( 10 855 (
) / 2 . 0 ( 4

4
Re
6
=

= =

m
s kg
D
m
D
t
t

K m
W
598
m 05 . 0
W/mK 0.613
48.8
8 . 48
) 83 . 5 ( ) 0.023(5956 Pr Re 023 . 0
2
4 . 0 0.8 4 . 0 5 / 4
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
= =
= =
h
D k
h
Nu
Nu
D
D D
C 68
10 100
50 100
ln
C) 10 100 ( C) 50 100 (

=
|
.
|

\
|

= A =
LM
T LMTD

Heat Transfer
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical Engineering
# 21
Pre-heating Water Example Part 2
Solution (Contd):


Compute the pipe wall surface area required





Required length to get this area is:




What would be the pro and cons for choosing
electrical heater versus heating with steam in
this case?

C 100

=
s
T
C 10

=
in
T
?? Length
C 50
=
=

out
T
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
m 0.822
68
K m
W
598 10 50 179 . 4 2 . 0

=
= |
.
|

\
|
= =
s
s
LM s in out p conv
A
C A C
kgK
kJ
s
kg
T A h T T c m q

.05m 0 m 0.822
2
L D L A
s
= = = t t
m 5.2 L =

Heat Transfer
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical Engineering
# 22