INTRODUCTION

What Is a DBMS? A Database is a collection of records and data in structured format so that data can be easily retrieved for analysis and calculations.

What Is a DBMS?

A Database Management System is a system that creates, manages, and controls a database used by managers for analysis and decision making.

Why Study Databases??

To understand :The importance of storing data. The roles of data models. Views of business users and database designers. The concept of sharing data.

Why Use a DBMS?

Data independence and efficient access. Reduced application development time. Data integrity and security. Uniform data administration. Concurrent access, recovery from crashes.

Applications of DBMS
Sales Reporting
Marketing application

Order Processing Payroll

Marketing application

Database Mgmt System

Integrated data store

Finance application HRIS application

Performance Appraisal

Database management system

A database management system is a system which defines, interprets, manipulates and maintains a collection of databases which are entirely separate in structure. DBMS is the major component of database system. There are many different types of DBMSs, ranging from small systems that run on personal computers to huge systems that run on mainframes. The following are examples of database applications: Banking System and ATM's machines. Credit Card/Credit Limit Check System. computerized library systems flight reservation systems computerized parts inventory systems Different DBMSs support different query languages, although there is a semi-standardized query language called SQL (structured query language). Sophisticated languages for managing database systems are called fourthgeneration languages, or 4GLs for short.

The information from a database can be presented in a variety of formats: Most DBMSs include a report writer program that enables you to output data in the form of a report. Many DBMSs also include a graphics component that enables you to output information in the form of graphs and charts.

Formats
Report writer

Graphics

Diagram of DBMS

Components of DBMS
data

user

components

Hard-ware

Soft-ware

Advantages of a DBMS
Provides the way for storage Centralized control and an easy access Provides the way for doing simple and complex queries Arranging data in various ways

Maintain non redundancy of data

Maintain security and privacy of data

Access to multi users

Disadvantages of DBMS

Costly due to requirements of expensive hardware Higher operating costs Greater complexity of backup and recovery in multiuser environment High risk of data loss due to centralized of database

STRUCTURE OF A DBMS
DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL)

DATA MANAGER
FILE MANAGER

DISK MANAGER
QUERY MANAGER

DATA DICTIONARY

ROLE OF DBMS IN BUILDING SYSTEMS

DBMS are very popular packages for microcomputers Examples of leading DBMS It provides user friendly interface

Easy to manage application

Data Models

A data model is a collection of concepts for describing data. A schema is a description of a particular collection of data, using the given data model. The relational model of data is the most widely used model today.
Main

concept: relation, basically a table with rows and columns. Every relation has a schema, which describes the columns, or fields.

Types of data models and schema

1.

Conceptual schema:
This schema is concerned with the overall logical model of the database. It is mainly concerned with representation of information in the abstract from as compared to the way in which data is actually stored. Example:in a payroll system , the information about employee no.(4 characters), employeename(20) and basic salary (8 digits) is the conceptual view of the database.

2.

3.

External schema:1. It is concerned with the user-oriented way of viewing the data. 2. This schema is also termed as subschema. 3. Example:in a payroll system , the employee name and his basic salary as viewed by the user is the external view of the database.

Contt..

Internal schema:1. It is concerned with the actual storage design of data. 2. It reflects how the data is stored in and accessed from the physical storage. 3. Example:in a payroll system , the information about how the employee no., employee name and basic salary are stored is the internal view of the database.

1.

To Modify the Structure of the Table: In order to add new fields or delete existing fields we have to modify the structure of the table. To do this, Select the table name. Right-click on the selected name for the short-cut menu. Click on design. The table structure window is displayed where changes can be made

Structured Query Language

SQL developed by IBM , is a standard data definition and data manipulation language of relational databases. It is designed to define , access , querry , organise and update the data and information in relational databases.

Contt
To create a table of supplier database in SQL : CREATE TABLE SUPPLIER (SUPPNO CHAR (3) NOT NULL. SUPPNAME CHAR(20), CITYCODE NUMBER(2), CITYNAME CHAR(3)); To query the database , the following statement is used:

Contd...

SELECT SUPPNO, SUPPNAME, CITYCODE , CITYNAME

FROM

SUPPLIER WHERE SUPPNO = S01;

2.

To modify/delete the data in the table: In order to edit data, or delete existing records or add new records to the table, Select the table name. Right-click on the selected name for the short-cut menu Click on Open. The data window is displayed where data can be edited, deleted or added.

3.

To Rename a table: In order to change the name of a table, Select the table name. Right-click on the selected name for the short-cut menu. Click on Rename.

4.

To Delete a table: In order to delete a table from the database, Select the table name. Right-click on the selected name for the short-cut menu. Click on delete.

5.

To Return to VB: Select File > Exit to exit from Visual Data Manager and return to VB.

Database locking
Database locking is a mechanism by which two users will be prevented from updating the same record at the same time. The Microsoft Jet database engine provides 3 levels of locking. Database locking: Only one user can access the database. Table locking: Only one user can access the table. Page locking: The Microsoft jet database engine automatically performs page locking which is to lock one page of data (normally about 2KB) in which the record is present.

1.

2.

3.

What is Normalisation ?
Normalization is the basis of designing relational databases Process of simplifying the data structure by replacing it with smaller and multiple data structure Study of relations between tables and attributes

Goals of normalisation
Minimizing the redundant data Reducing inconsistent data Designing data structures for easier maintainance

Types of normal forms

First normal form Second normal form Third normal form

First normal form (1NF)

No duplicated rows in the table Each cell is single valued Entries in the column is of same kind

Second normal form (2NF)

All non key attributes are dependent on key All column depends on the primary key only Each record in a table should be uniquely identifieable trough a single column

Contt

Third normal form A relation is said to be in third normal form if no non keyfield depends on another non-key field

Denormalisation:

Denormalisation is a processs of attempting to optimize the read performance of a database by adding redundant data or by grouping data

Basic DBMS types

Hierarchical structure

Trees of records: one-to-many relationships

Limitations: Requires duplicating records (e.g. many-to-many relationship) Problems when updated Retrieval requires knowing the structure (limited data independence): traversing the tree from top to bottom using a procedural language

Contt.

Network structure: similar to the hierarchical database with the implementation of many-to-many relationships Relational structure Object-Oriented structure Objects (collection of data items and procedures) and interactions between them. Is this really a new paradigm, or a special case of network structure? Separate implementation vs. implementation on top of a RDBMS

Relational structure
Relations, attributes, tuples Primary key (unique combination of attributes for each tuple) Foreign keys: relationships between tuples (many-to-many).

Example: SUPPLIES defines relations between ITEM and

SUPPLIER tuples.

Advantages: many-to-many relationships,

,high level declarative query language (e.g. SQL)

The Transaction Model

Primitive BEGIN_TRANSACTION END_TRANSACTION ABORT_TRANSACTION READ WRITE Description Make the start of a transaction Terminate the transaction and try to commit Kill the transaction and restore the old values Read data from a file, a table, or otherwise Write data to a file, a table, or otherwise

Examples of primitives for transactions.

Conclusion:

As we have seen DBMS is a collection of records and data in structured format so that data can be easily retrieved for analysis and calculations. Hence DBMS is very important for any organization.

Reference:

DBMS book of Bsc(I.T) by Himalaya prakashan. Introduction to Computers By A. Leon & M Leon.