This

course introduces students in pursuing careers in the allied health fields to the structures and function of the human body. Human Anatomy and Physiology explores the systems comprising the human body. It emphasizes on the physiological mechanisms and a thorough understanding of human anatomy.

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emphasis is placed on the interrelatedness of such systems like skeletal, muscular, nervous, and circulatory. This course is recommended for those pursuing a career in the health science field like nutrition and dietetics course. This course has a substantial laboratory component, including cat dissection in comparison to human.

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course is offered to any BS health science field like Nutrition and Dietetics majors. It orients students to the new world of learning in which they will soon become immersed in anatomic and physiological terminologies and lessons. It introduces the basic principles of the human body as well as the physiological functioning and other ethical issues.

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course serves as a foundation for other higher courses in Nutrition and Dietetics or other biologically-related fields. Most students will find the subject matter fascinating and fun but also challenging and demanding because of the materials complexity, diversity, a number of new and unfamiliar topics, and terms as these things will help students develop good study habits, excellent time management and enhance knowledge of nature and respect to the creation of God.

YAMATON ANATOMY

YPHGOYSLOI
PHYSIOLOGY

YPHGOYSLOI
PHYSIOLOGY

CMIAPCORCSO YAMNOTA MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY

LGAENGOI YAMNOTA REGIONAL ANATOMY

CSIYSMTE YAMNOTA SYSTEMIC ANATOMY

 ANATOMY

studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another Physiology concerns the function of the bodys structural machinery (how body parts work and sustain life-activities)

 Macroscopic

anatomy ( Gross) is the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs and kidneys. Regional anatomy all structure in one particular region of the body such as the abdomen or leg at the same time Systemic anatomy the gross anatomy of the body is studied system by system Surface anatomy study of internal body structures as they relate to the overlaying skin surface

Microscopic anatomy concerns structures too small to be seen with the naked eye ( slices of body tissues) Subdivision: cytology cells of the body histology study of tissues Developmental anatomy traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span Subdivision: Embryologydevelopmental anatomy, concerns developmental changes that occur before birth and helps to explain birth defects

 Anatomic

pathology ( Pathological anatomy) studies structural changes caused by disease Radiographic anatomy studies internal structure as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures Molecular biology structure of biological molecules is investigated ( chemical substances)

 Renal

Physiology concerns kidney function and urine production Neuron Physiology explains the workings of the nervous system Cardiovascular Physiology- examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels

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focuses on events at the cellular level or molecular level An understanding of physiology also rests on principles of physics, which help to explain electrical currents, blood pressure and the way muscles use bones to cause body movements among other things.

 Chemical

Level simplest structural organization

Atoms tiny building blocks Molecules like water, sugar and protein Organelle Cells smallest units of living thing

Cellular

level

Organ systemshave specific functions; composed of organs Organsprovide specific functions for the organism Tissuesmade of groups of similar cells

Maintaining boundaries 2. Movement Contractility muscles cells ability to move by shortening more precisely 3. Responsiveness or irritability ability to sense changes ( stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them ( e.g nerve cells)
1.

4.

Digestion is the process of breaking down ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the food

5. Excretion

process of removing wastes from the body E.g. Digestive system- rids the body of indigestible food residues in feces and the Urinary system - disposes of nitrogencontaining metabolic wastes, such as urea, in urine Respiratory System removes carbon dioxide

6. Reproduction

can occur at the cellular level; responsible for producing offspring but its function is exquisitely regulated by hormones of the endocrine system
Growth an increase in size of a body part of the organisms; involves increasing number of cells Survival Needs ( Nutrients taken in diet; Oxygen; Water, Normal Body Temperature; Atmospheric Pressure)

7.

8.

9. Homeostasis

a) b) c) d) e)

ability to maintain relatively stable internal condition even though the outside world changes continuously Blood Level Heart Activity Blood Pressure Wastes in the body Chemical, Thermal and Neural factors

 Variable-

factor or event being regulated Receptor first component Stimuli sensor that monitors the environment and respond to changes Control Center second component; determines set point ( level of range) Effector provides the means for the control centers response ( output) to the stimulus

STIMULUS: Produces change in variable 2. Change detected by receptor RECEPTORS ( SENSOR ) 3. INPUT: Information sent along afferent pathway to CONTROL CENTER 4. OUTPUT: Information sent along efferent pathway to EFFECTOR 5. Response of effector feeds back to influence maganitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis
1.

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output of the system shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity It cause the variable to change in a direction opposite to that of the initial change, returning it to its ideal value; thus the name negative feedback mechanisms E.g 1. Thermostat/Body Thermostat located in your brain called hypothalamus 2. Neural Control Mechanism withdrawal reflex ( Hand jerk)

3. Mechanism in the blood glucose levels by pancreatic hormones

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result or response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus so that the activity ( output) is accelerated Usually control infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments Often referred to as cascades ( to fall) Example : Blood clotting and enhancement of labor contraction during birth

Blood clotting Once vessel damage has occurred: 1. blood elements called platelets immediately begin to cling to the injured site; 2. release chemicals that attract more platelets; 3. rapidly growing pileup of platelets initiates the sequence of events; and 4. forms a clot.