The Context

I think the ideal leader for the 21st century will be one who creates an environment that encourages everyone in the organization to stretch their capabilities and achieve a shared vision, who gives people the confidence to run farther and faster than they ever have before, and who establishes the conditions for people to be more productive, more innovative, more creative and feel more in charge of their own lives than they ever dreamed possible. Robert Crandall (Chairman, American Airlines)

Theory X Management Assumptions

Most people HATE work Most people want to AVOID responsibility Most people have little AMBITION for themselves Most people prefer to be LED Most people have little ability to SOLVE PROBLEMS Most people require close control to prevent mistakes and prohibit loafing TWO groups of people

Theory Y Management Assumptions

Work can be ENJOYABLE as play Most people want to accept reasonable levels of RESPONSIBILITY Most people have strong GOALS for themselves, and seek organizations that will help to fulfill those goals Most people like to LEAD occasionally Most people are good PROBLEM SOLVERS Most people require NO policing or close control by the organization Most people CAN be autonomous and independent

Theory X Management Assumptions

Most people HATE work Most people want to AVOID responsibility Most people have little AMBITION for themselves Most people prefer to be LED Most people have little ability to SOLVE PROBLEMS Most people require close control to prevent mistakes and prohibit loafing TWO groups of people

Leaders Create Their Environment

Leaders Assumptions/ expectations
Employees Behavior Leaders Behavior

Organizational Environment

Research Findings
Hawthorne Effect (Mayo, 1932) Equity theory (Adams, 1965) The professor as leader (Frank, Gilovich, & Regan 1993) Psychological safety (Edmondson, 1999)

Today the laurel will go to the leader who encourages healthy dissent and values those followers brave enough to say no. The successful leader will have not the loudest voice, but the readiest ear. His or her real genius may well lie not in personal achievements, but in unleashing other peoples talent. Warren Bennis

The Pygmalion Effect (Rosenthal, 1967)

What managers expect of subordinates and the way they treat them largely determine their performance and career progress. Sterling Livingston

When the faith is present in the leader, it communicates itself to followers with powerful effect. In the conventional mode people want to know whether the followers believe in the leader; a more searching question is whether the leader believes in the followers. John Gardner

100 Years of Leadership Development

A Meta Analysis (Avolio & Luthans, 2006)
The largest developmental impact was raising the positive beliefs of followers, instilling in them the conviction that they were better at a performance task than they thought.

Bad Leadership
He was bright, and he didnt tolerate fools. And they werent fools, they were trying to get to understand what he was saying. He didnt trust others capabilities as he did his own. I wasnt given any guidance. He wasnt leading me or teaching me I never got any feedback on ideas. He wasnt direct and honest enough to give the bad side, he was always selling the dream. He was above us all flying with the eagles above while dealing with the turkeys below.

Bad Employees

I was cautious a lot of the time, and I was frustrated. I didnt really throw myself into the job I had no motivation. I didnt do anything that was particularly productive. I did what I was told. There was much turf fighting, in-fighting It made for a lot of disputes. I was choosing the path of least resistance. I was doing the minimal work. I didnt excel I didnt go beyond what the job required. After a while, you become cynical about both the person and job. You really do the bare minimum.

Good Leadership

He made us feel like there were no boundaries to what we could be doing. He was very honest in his feedback with people I always knew how I was doing. He took the initiative to build morale in the office. He was sensitive, and after we had worked long hours he made sure we had a great dinner. He was always willing to take a chance, and trust people, give them responsibility and push them. Whenever we brought something up, he had the openness to listen to other people and make the changes. The idea that he actually listened to you made a difference.

Good Employees

I was a different personality for both leaders I was more relaxed and enjoyed working with him. I brought in my personal interests, my humor Hes a guy I thought a lot of and I wanted him to think a lot of me, so I worked the hardest I was much happier, more productive. You move away from selfishness, and toward more group oriented ways of thinking. I was calmer and more confident. Its like marriage, where you marry someone and this person brings out all the good things in you.

Treat a man as he is and he will remain as he is. Treat a man as he can and should be and he shall become as he can and should be.
Johan Wolfgang von Goethe

Good Followership
Leaders Assumptions/ Expectations

Employees Behavior
Organizational Environment

Leaders Behavior

The follower who is willing to speak out shows precisely the kind of initiative that leadership is made of. Warren Bennis

Ask not what your followers can do for you; ask what you can do for your followers.

Embodying Leadership
Encounter groups (Lieberman, Yalom, & Miles, 1973) Modeling the way (McNeese-Smith, 1995) Emotional contagion (Barsade, 2002)

The leaders mood and behaviors drive the moods and behaviors of everyone else. A cranky and ruthless boss creates a toxic organization filled with negative underachievers who ignore opportunities; an inspirational, inclusive leader spawns acolytes for whom any challenge is surmountable. Daniel Goleman

Our analysis suggests that, overall, the climatehow people feel about working at a companycan account for 20-30 percent of business performance. Getting the best out of people pays off in hard results. If climate drives business results, what drives climate? Roughly 50 to 70 percent of how employees perceive their organizations climate can be traced to the actions of one person: the leader. More than anyone else, the boss creates the conditions that directly determine peoples ability to work well. Daniel Goleman

The great leader

creates an environment that facilitates growth.

Success Induced Blindness

Environment

Safe Guards
Unconscious Incompetent (UI)

Unconscious Competent (UC)

Conscious Incompetent (CI)

Conscious Competent (CC)

They lead because they want to create an environment in which people are free to think, innovate, and unite into teams and groups, in order to solve problems that are too big for any one person to solve alone. Roger Smith Chairman, GM Corporations