lLululZA1lCn

Cas Solld (or) Llquld Solld

CperaLlon
Llquld llke behavlor
ondlLlons for lluldlzaLlon
lndusLrlal appllcaLlons
uay Lo uay llfe examples
PoL alr popcorn popper
lormaLlon of sand volcano
lluld escape sLrucLures ln sedlmenLs and
sedlmenLary rocks
9eLroleum lndusLry
W lluld caLalyLlc cracklng
W aLalyLlc processes
a) SynLhesls of polyeLhylene
b) SynLhesls of polypropylene
c) SynLhesls of acrylonlLrlle
W CaslflcaLlon of coal
9eLroleum lndusLry
W lluldlzed combusLlon of coal
W lluld coklng
W AcLlvaLlon of carbon
W 9olymerlzaLlon of oleflns
W Casollne from naLural SynLhesls gases
hemlcal lndusLrles
4 AdsorpLlon
4 urylng flne sollds
4 1ransporLlng sollds from pL Lo pL
4 hemlcal loop combusLlon
4 PeaL exchange
4 9roducLlon of carbon nano Lubes
4 oaLlng meLal ob[ecLs wlLh plasLlc
,eLallurglcal CLher
8oasLlng of Cres
8educLlon of meLal oxldes
8educLlon of sulflde ores
lnclneraLlon of solld wasLe
CaslflcaLlon of solld wasLe
alclnaLlon
hlorlnaLlon lluorlnaLlon of meLal oxldes
8lofluldlzaLlon
AdvanLages
vlgorous aglLaLlon
lsoLhermal condlLlons
Plgh P1 Lo Lhe wall or Lhe coollng Lubes
lmmersed
Lasy Lo Lransfer
Large scale operaLlons
ulsadvanLages
uneven conLacL
8ubbles conLacL small amounL solld
lracLlon of gas pass Lhrough dense phase
Cverall converslon ls less lnLerchange occurs by
dlffuslon or by LurbulenL processes bubble
spllLLlng or coalescence
ulfflculL Lo deslgn due Lo eroslon of vessel
aLLrlLlon of sollds
8equlres cyclones fllLers and scrubbers
lluld caLalyLlc cracklng
hemlcal looplng combusLlon
W useful Lo reduce Lhe effecL of C
2
W C
2
sequesLraLlon
W Alr wlll be replaced by meLal oxldes ln
combusLlon as an oxygen barrler
W ombusLlon produces meLals mlxLure of
waLer vapor and C
2
W ,eLals agaln reacL wlLh alr ln oLher l88 Lo
become meLal oxlde
oal gaslflcaLlon
9rocess of converLlng carbonaceous maLerlal
such as coal peLroleum or blomass lnLo C P2
1hese reacL wlLh conLrolled amounL of oxygen
and/or sLeam aL hlgh LemperaLures
1he producL C + P2 ls called as SynLhesls gas or
Syn gas
CaslflcaLlon exLracLs energy from organlc
maLerlals
lL has appllcaLlons as a clean wasLe dlsposal
Lechnlque
9yrolysls of carbonaceous maLerlal
CaslflcaLlon of char
gaslflers
ounLer currenL flxed bed gaslfler
o currenL flxed bed gaslfler
lluldlzed bed reacLor
LnLralned flow gaslfler
luel ls fluldlzed ln oxygen and sLeam or alr Ash ls
removed dry or as heavy agglomeraLes LhaL
defluldlze
ury gaslflers Lemp low low grade carbons
AgglomeraLlng gaslflers hlgh grade carbonshlgh 1
lluldlzaLlon ,applng of 8eglmes
,applng of 8eglmes
W When a bed of sollds ls kepL suspended by
fluld flow Lhe bed can behave ln varlous ways
smooLhly fluldlzed bubbllng slugglng
spouLlng eLc
W 1hls Loplc conslders Lhe 'mapplng of Lhese
reglmes'
W We can dlvlde Lhls Loplc lnLo Lhree parLs
,applng of 8eglmes
llxed beds
lluldlzed beds
,applng of flow reglmes
llxed beds
haracLerlzaLlon of parLlcles
larger parLlcles
lnLermedlaLe parLlcles
very small parLlcles
llxed beds wlLh
Cne slze of parLlcles
Sollds wlLh a dlsLrlbuLlon
mean speclflc surface of
slngle parLlcle
dlscreLe dlsLrlbuLlon
d
p
LffecLlve spherlclLy
s
lluldlzed beds
lluldlzaLlon wlLhouL carryover
,lnlmum fluldlzaLlon veloclLy
p vs u
0
for
noL Loo small unlformly slzed parLlcles
wlLh slze dlsLrlbuLlon of parLlcles
LranslLlon from smooLh Lo bubbllng
LffecL of 9 1
slnLerlng AgglomeraLlon aL hlgh 1
1ypes of fluldlzaLlon
bubbllng aggregaLlve heLerogeneous
nonbubbllng parLlculaLe homogeneous smooLh
CeldarL classlflcaLlon
lluldlzed beds
lluldlzaLlon wlLh carryover
1ermlnal veloclLy
1urbulenL hurnlng fluldlzaLlon
small parLlcle beds
large parLlcle beds
9neumaLlc LransporL of sollds
lasL fluldlzaLlon
Solld clrculaLlon sysLems
voldage dlagrams
,applng
W 1he mapplng of fluldlzaLlon reglmes
llxed beds of parLlcles
haracLerlzaLlon of parLlcles
haracLerlzaLlon of parLlcles
W Larger parLlcles( 1mm regular shape)
slze can be found by
1) allpers or ,lcromeLer
2) welghlng(lf denslLy known)
3) fluld dlsplacemenL ( parLlcles nonporous)
Larger parLlcles
W LqulvalenL spherlcal dlameLer
d
sph
( dla of sphere havlng Lhe same volume
as Lhe parLlcle) 1
W ,easure of nonspherlclLy
spherlclLy
s
(surface of sphere/surface of
parLlcle)
of same volume
W
s
1 for spheres
W 0
s
1 for oLher parLlcles
Larger parLlcles
W 1o represenL a bed of nonspherlcal parLlcles
by a bed of spherlcal parLlcles of dlameLer d
eff

Lhe Lwo beds musL have Lhe same LoLal
surface area and same fracLlonal vlodage
m
W lrlcLlonal reslsLance should be same ln boLh
Lhe beds
W 1hen we can show d
eff

s
d
sph
Larger parLlcles
W Speclflc surface of parLlcles ln elLher bed
a
1
surface of a parLlcle / volume of parLlcle
(nd
sph
2
/
s
) / (nd
sph
3
/6)
6 /
s
d
sph
m
1
1
W lor Lhe whole bed
a surface of all parLlcle/ LoLal volume of parLlcles ln Lhe bed
6(1
m
) /
s
d
sph
m
1
2
lnLermedlaLe parLlcles
W Screen analysls ls Lhe mosL sulLable way Lo measure parLlcle
slze
W dp denoLes Lhe slze of Lhe parLlcle
W lor lrregular parLlcles wlLh no seemlngly longer or shorLer
dlmenslon (lsoLroplc ln shape)
d
eff

s
d
sph

s
d
p
W lor lrregular parLlcles wlLh one somewhaL longer dlmenslon
buL wlLh a lengLh raLlo noL greaLer Lhan 21 (egg shaped)
d
eff

s
d
sph
d
p
W lor lrregular parLlcles wlLh one somewhaL shorLer dlmenslon
buL wlLh a lengLh raLlo noL less Lhan 12
d
eff

s
d
sph

s
2
d
p
lnLermedlaLe parLlcles
W ,osL fluldlzed bed operaLlons LreaL parLlcles
whose slzes are measured wlLh screen
analysls
W ,osL of Lhese sollds are lrregular wlLh no
seemlngly larger or smaller dlmenslon
W 9arLlcle slze wlll be calculaLed uslng eq
d
eff

s
d
sph

s
d
p
1
very small parLlcles
W 9arLlcle slze 0m
W We can measure parLlcle slze by
scannlng of magnlfled phoLographs of
parLlcles
SedlmenLaLlon of parLlcles ln a known fluld
Lhe Lermlnal veloclLy of Lhese parLlcles wlll
glve Lhe dlameLer of Lhe equlvalenL sphere
llxed beds one slze parLlcles
W lracLlon vold
m
vs parLlcle
spherlclLy
W lor vessels of smaller dla
Lhe wall effecL becomes
lmporLanL and lnfluences
Lhe bed voldage
W 1he frlcLlonal pressure drop
ls always poslLlve
llxed beds one slze parLlcles
W 1he frlcLlonal pressure drop Lhrough flxed beds of lengLh L
conLalnlng a slngle slze of lsoLroplc sollds of screen slze d
p
has
been correlaLed by Lrgun equaLlon
(Ap
fr
/L
m
)g
c
10 (1
m
)
2
/
m
3
u
o
/
s
2
d
p
2
+ 17(1
m
)/
m
3

p
g
u
o
2
/
s
d
p
6
W 1he measured pressure drop ls
Ap
measured
Ap
fr
(p
g
L
m
/g
c
) all Ap poslLlve 7
W 1he +ve slgn sLands for up flow of fluld
W ln mosL cases wlLh gases
Ap Ap
fr
Ap
measured
all Ap poslLlve
llxed beds sollds wlLh a dlsLrlbuLlon of slzes
W 1o conslder Lhe behavlor of
beds conslsLlng of sollds of
dlfferenL slzes flrsL descrlbe
Lhe slze dlsLrlbuLlon of a baLch
of solld
W 9 volume fracLlon of
parLlcles smaller Lhan d
p
W d(d
p
) volume fracLlon of
parLlcles of slze beLween d
p
and d
p
+d(d
p
)
W ulsLrlbuLlon curves shown ln
llgure
llxed beds sollds wlLh a dlsLrlbuLlon of slzes
W glves Lhe volume
dlsLrlbuLlon of parLlcles
dlrecLly unlLs L
1

W 9 glves cumulaLlve
dlsLrlbuLlon
dlmenslonless
llxed beds sollds wlLh a dlsLrlbuLlon of slzes
W 8elaLlon beLween and 9 for a parLlcular slze d
p1

1
d
p
/d(d
p
)
1
or 9
1
]
0
dp1
d(d
p
)
W lor a dlscreLe slze dlsLrlbuLlon wlLh equal or unequal slze
lnLervals

1
(A9/Ad
p
)
l
or 9
l
( Ad
p
)
l
x
l 10
x
l
ls Lhe fracLlon of maLerlal ln slze lnLerval l
llxed beds sollds wlLh a dlsLrlbuLlon of slzes
W ,ean speclflc surface
a
1
]
0
dpmax
a
1
d(d
p
)
]
0
dpmax
(6/
s
d
p
)d(d
p
) 11
W lor a dlscreLe dlsLrlbuLlon
a
1

all l
a
l
1
(Ap)
l
(6/
s
)
all l
(Ap)
l
/d
pl

(6/
s
)
all l
(x/d
p
)
l 12
W ,ean speclflc surface deflned ln Lerms of mean
dla
a
1
6/
s
d
p
13
llxed beds sollds wlLh a dlsLrlbuLlon of slzes
W 8y comblnlng Lhe prevlous Lhree equaLlons
d
p

6/
s
a
1
1/]
0
dpmax
(/d
p
) d(d
p
) 1
or
d
p

1/
all l
(Ap)
l
/d
pl
1/
all l
(x/d
p
)
l 1
LffecLlve SpherlclLy
seff
1) arefully AccuraLely deLermlne Lhe bed
voldage
m
2) 1hen measure frlcLlonal pressure drop of Lhe
bed aL several flow raLes
3) lnserL d
p

m
Ap
fr
and all of Lhe sysLem
parameLers lnLo Lhe Lrgun equaLlon and
exLracL Lhe values of
s
LhaL besL flLs Lhe
daLa lL glves Lhe relaLlon d
eff

seff
d
p
lluldlzaLlon wlLhouL carryover of
parLlcles
,lnlmum fluldlzaLlon veloclLy u
mf
W AL Lhe onseL of fluldlzaLlon
drag force by upward movlng gas wL of parLlcles 161
Cr
(pressure drop across bed) x (cross secLlonal area of Lube)
vol of bed x fracLlon conslsLlng sollds x SpwL of sollds 162
Cr wlLh Ap always +ve
Ap
b
A
L
W A
L
L
mf
(1
mf
)(p
s
p
g
)(g/g
c
) 163
We can flnd Lhe mlnlmum fluldlzaLlon condlLlons by rearranglng
Ap
b
/L
mf
(1
mf
) (p
s
p
g
)(g/g
c
) 17
,lnlmum fluldlzaLlon veloclLy u
mf
W Superflclal veloclLy aL mlnlmum fluldlzaLlon ls found
by comblnlng eqs 17 6
(17/
mf
3

s
)(d
p
u
mf
p
g
/)
2
+ 10(1
mf
)(d
p
u
mf
p
g
)/
mf
3

s
2

d
p
3
p
g
(p
s
p
g
)g/
2
1
Cr
(17/
mf
3

s
)8e
pmf
2
+ 10(1
mf
)/
mf
3

s
2
8e
pmf
Ar 1
Ar Archlmedes number d
p
3
p
g
(p
s
p
g
)g/
2 20
Archlmedes number ls also called as Callleo number
9ressure drop vs veloclLy
dlagrams
lndlcaLlon of Lhe quallLy of
fluldlzaLlon
noL Loo small unlformly slzed
W ln a flxed bed p - gas veloclLy
reachlng a p
max
sllghLly hlgher
Lhan Lhe sLaLlc pressure of Lhe
bed
W lurLher lncrease ln Lhe gas
veloclLy unlocks Lhe flxed bed
leads Lo lncrease Lo ln voldage
from
m
Lo
mf
resulLlng decrease
ln Ap Lo Lhe sLaLlc pressure of Lhe
bed
W 8eyond u
mf
bed expands and gas
bubbles are seen Lo be presenL
resulLlng nonhomogenlLy
W lurLher rlse ln gas flow wlll noL
effecL Ap
Wlde slze dlsLrlbuLlon of parLlcles
Wlde slze dlsLrlbuLlon of parLlcles
W As u
o
lncreases small parLlcles sllp lnLo vold
spaces beLween large parLlcle and fluldlze
whlle large parLlcles remaln sLaLlonary
W 1hen parLlal fluldlzaLlon occurs glvlng
lnLermedlaLe Ap
W WlLh lncrease ln u
o
Ap approaches w/A
L

showlng all parLlcles evenLually fluldlze
Wlde slze dlsLrlbuLlon of parLlcles
lor mlxLures conLalnlng large parLlcles(d
p
1mm)
W segregaLlon seLLllng of Lhese sollds occur glvlng
sLepwlse lncrease ln Ap PysLeresls of Ap vs u
o
curve
W 1hls PysLeresls dlsappears when Lhe bed conLalns a
large enough fracLlon of flnes
1ranslLlon from smooLh Lo bubbllng
W veloclLy aL whlch bubbles are flrsL observed ls
called Lhe mlnlmum bubbllng veloclLy u
mb
W ln llquldsolld sysLems u
mb
has no meanlng
W ln Cas solld sysLems of large parLlcles
bubbles appear as soon as Lhe gas veloclLy
exceeds u
mf
hence u
mb
u
mf
W lor a gas fluldlzed bed of small llghL nearly
spherlcal parLlcles of mlxed slze Lhe Ap vs u
o
curve ls llke llg
1ranslLlon from smooLh Lo bubbllng
W Ap vs u
o
curve for an l
caLalysL wlLh a slze range
100m
W llg shows Lhe bed
expanslon L
f
ls average
fluldlzed bed helghL
W WlLh lncrease ln u
mf
bed
expands smooLhly wlLh
no observed bubbllng
W AL a gas veloclLy of abouL
3u
mf
bubbles begln Lo
form and bed helghL
begln Lo decrease
1ranslLlon from smooLh Lo bubbllng
llg shows how
Lhe parLlcle
properLles
effecL u
mb
LffecL of 9 1 on fluldlzed behavlor
LffecL of 9ressure
lor a bed of porous carbon powder coal char and
unlformly slzed glass beads
Summary of effecL of pressures up Lo 0 bar
W
mf
lncreases (1 )
W u
mf
decreases
flne parLlcles(d
p
100m) decrease ls negllglble
large parLlcles(dp360 m) slgnlflcanL upLo 0
W u
mb
/u
mf
for coarse Alumlna (d
p
0 m) lncreases up Lo
30
lncrease ln p wldens Lhe range of parLlculaLe fluldlzaLlon
ln gassolld sysLems
LffecL of 1emperaLure
W lor flne parLlcles
mf
lncreases wlLh 1(up Lo up Lo 00
0
)
W lor coarse parLlcles
mf
seems Lo be unaffecLed
W u
mf
can be predlcLed by equaLlons 1 22 when correcL
mf
value ls used
SlnLerlng AgglomeraLlon of parLlcles
aL hlgh 1
W AL hlgh 1 slnLerlng of parLlcles occur whlch
drasLlcally changes Lhe behavlor of fluldlzed bed
W LxperlmenL conducLed
lluldlzed bed ls of copper shoL 16+20 mesh
AL close Lo u
mf
slowly heaL Lhe bed
AL abouL 00
0
Lhe bed Look on a slugglsh
appearance and suddenly defluldlzed
Cas flow had Lo be progresslvely lncreased wlLh 1
up Lo 3 Llmes Lhe 00
0
value Lo keep Lhe bed
fluldlzed
All Lhls happened aL 1 below Lhe ,9 of opper
or opper oxlde (llg a)
SlnLerlng AgglomeraLlon of parLlcles
aL hlgh 1
1he onseL of slnLerlng can be measured by a
ullaLomeLer
A sample of parLlcles ls placed ln a cyllnder
ompress Lhe parLlcles by a consLanL force
yllnder ls Lhen heaLed slowly and noLe down
Lhe lengLh of Lhe sample
8esulLs for copper sample (llg b)
SlnLerlng AgglomeraLlon of parLlcles
aL hlgh 1
W AL flrsL Lhe sample expands due Lo Lhermal
expanslon
W 1hen expanslon slows ceases and Lhen begln
Lo conLracL
W AL a 9L where slope of Lhe curve ls zero
Lhermal expanslon ls [usL balanced by Lhe
conLracLlon due Lo slnLerlng
W 1hls polnL ls called as Lhe lnlLlal slnLerlng
LemperaLure
SlnLerlng AgglomeraLlon of parLlcles
aL hlgh 1
We should keep slnLerlng ln mlnd
lor hlgh 1 operaLlons especlally wlLh
lndusLrlal maLerlals such as coal ash or meLal
ores whlch conLaln a varleLy of lmpurlLles
1hese maLerlals may form low ,9 euLecLlcs aL
Lhe surface of parLlcles resulLlng ln
unexpecLedly low slnLerlng LemperaLures
lL ls dlsadvanLageous for cerLaln hlgh Lemp
processes
SlnLerlng AgglomeraLlon of parLlcles
aL hlgh 1
W lL ls advanLage Lo develop processes for Lhe
agglomeraLlon of flne parLlcles
W When a cool bed ls fluldlzed by a hoL gas
smallesL parLlcles wlll heaLed up mosL rapldly
and Lhus become flrsL Lo agglomeraLe
When we are plannlng for hlgh 1 operaLlons we
should careful Lowards Lhe ,echanlsms of
oheslon SlnLerlng AgglomeraLlon
1ypes of Cas lluldlzaLlon wlLhouL
carryover
8ubbllng lluldlzaLlon
AggregaLlve PeLerogeneous
non 8ubbllng lluldlzaLlon
9arLlculaLe Pomogeneous SmooLh
W 1hese occur aL gas veloclLles sllghLly above u
mf
or less Lhan abouL 10u
mf
1ypes of Cas lluldlzaLlon wlLhouL
carryover
W Pow Lhese occur ln beds supporLed by porous
hlgh pressure dlsLrlbuLors LhaL glve unlform gas
flow
W numerous aLLempLs have been made Lo devlce a
crlLerlon Lo predlcL Lhe mode of lluldlzaLlon and
Lhe LranslLlon from one mode Lo anoLher
W CeldarL focused on Lhe characLerlsLlcs of Lhe
parLlcles LhaL make Lhem fluldlze ln one way or
Lhe oLher
W Pls approach ls slmple has greaL generallzlng
power and ls very useful
CeldarL lasslflcaLlon
lasslfled all Lhe sollds lnLo four clearly
recognlzable klnds of parLlcle behavlor
Croup
oheslve or very flne powders
normal fluldlzaLlon ls exLremely
dlfflculL because lLerparLlcle forces are
greaLer Lhan Lhose resulLlng from Lhe acLlon of
gas
eg lace powder llour and SLarch
CeldarL lasslflcaLlon
Croup A
AeraLable or maLerlals havlng a small mean
parLlcle slze and /or low denslLy 1 g/cm
3

1hese sollds fluldlze easlly

AL low gas veloclLy SmooLh lluldlzaLlon
AL hlgh gas veloclLles onLrolled bubbllng wlLh small
bubbles
eg l caLalysL
CeldarL lasslflcaLlon
W Croup 8
Sand llke or mosL parLlcles of slze
03m d
p
00 3m
Sollds fluldlze well wlLh vlgorous bubbllng
acLlon and bubbles grow large
CeldarL lasslflcaLlon
W Croup u
SpouLable or large and/or dense parLlcles
ueep beds of Lhese are dlfflculL Lo fluldlze
lf Lhe Cas dlsLrlbuLlon ls uneven Lhey behave
erraLlcally glvlng large explodlng bubbles or severe
channellng or spouLlng behavlor
Lg urylng gralns and 9eas 8oasLlng offee beans
Caslfylng coals and some roasLlng meLal ores
usually Lhese are processed ln shallow beds or ln Lhe
spouLlng mode
CeldarL lasslflcaLlon
W lor any solld
denslLy 8
s
and
mean parLlcle
slze d
p
Lhls
graph shows
Lhe Lype of
fluldlzaLlon Lo
be expecLed
lluldlzaLlon wlLh carryover
W AL u
o
10u
mf
more parLlcles wlll be pro[ecLed
lnLo Lhe free board above Lhe bed Lhen carrled
ouL of Lhe bed
W AL Lhls condlLlon bed becomes AglLaLed and Pazy
1urbulenL fluldlzed bed
W AL even hlgher gas veloclLles carryover of Lhe
sollds from Lhe bed becomes hlgh lasL
fluldlzaLlon
W lf carryover ls slgnlflcanL Lhen we need
reclrculaLlon oLherwlse no bed wlll be lefL
W AL Lhese condlLlons bed wlll be called as
8eclrculaLlon fluldlzed beds
1ermlnal veloclLy
1ermlnal free veloclLy
u
L
d
p
(8
s
8
g
) g / 38
g

u
1/2 2

u
ls an experlmenLally deLermlned urag coeff

u
(2/8e
p
)1+(1716e
06s
)8e
p
006+06s
+ 736
(e
07s
)8e
p
/ (8e
p
+ 37e
62122s
) 2
lor spherlcal parLlcles

u
(2/8e
p
) + 33638e
p
0371
+ 06078e
p
/(8e
p
+262) 30
llg 10 represenLs Lhese Lwo equaLlons And we can evaluaLe

for a glven d
p
and Lhe physlcal properLles of Lhe sysLem
1ermlnal veloclLy
W llg 10 ls d* vs u*
d
p
* d
p
8
g
(8
s
8
g
)g/3
2

1/3
Ar
1/3
()
u
8e
p
2

1/3
31

u* u8
g
2
/ 3 (8
s
8
g
)g
1/3
8e
p
/ Ar
1/3
(/3) (8e
p
/
u
)
1/3
32
1ermlnal veloclLy
lor dlrecL evaluaLlon of Lhe Lermlnal veloclLy
u
L
* 1/(d
p
*)
2
+ (233 17
s
)/(d
p
*)
0

1
o
s
1 33
lor spherlcal parLlcles
u
L
* 1/(d
p
*)
2
+ o1/(d
p
*)
0

1
3
1urbulenL hurnlng lluldlzaLlon
Small parLlcles
W onslder a bed of flne
sollds
W As u
o
lncreases
bubbllng acLlon
becomes lncreaslngly
vlgorous and ls
accompanled by
lncreaslng pressure
flucLuaLlons
1urbulenL hurnlng lluldlzaLlon
W 9ressure
flucLuaLlons peak
decrease sharply
and level off
W 1hls progresslon
corresponds Lo Lhe
LranslLlon from
8ubbllng Lo
1urbulenL
1urbulenL hurnlng lluldlzaLlon
1urbulenL hurnlng lluldlzaLlon
1urbulenL hurnlng lluldlzaLlon
W 1wo Lerms used Lo descrlbe Lhls LranslLlon
u
c
veloclLy aL whlch pressure flucLuaLlons
peak
u
k
where pressure flucLuaLlons leveloff also
called as onseL of 1urbulenL fluldlzaLlon
W CnseL occurs aL far beyond u
L
for mean slze
W lor flne caLalysL u
k
/u
L
13
W u
k
/ u
L
decreases wlLh lncrease ln pressure
1urbulenL hurnlng lluldlzaLlon
ln Lhe LurbulenL reglme
W 8ubbles (or slugs ln narrow columns) no
longer appear dlsLlncL
W lusLers and sLrands of parLlcles as well as
volds of elongaLed and dlsLorLed shapes are
seen Lo move abouL vlolenLly maklng lL
dlfflculL Lo dlsLlngulsh conLlnuous and
dlsconLlnuous phases ln Lhe bed
1urbulenL hurnlng lluldlzaLlon
Large parLlcles
W WlLh Lhese one can approach u
c
qulckly and can generaLe
very large explodlng bubbles especlally wlLh CeldarL u
sollds
W 1ranslLlon Lo LurbulenL flow occur aL lower relaLlve veloclLy
u
k
/u
L
and even dlps below u
L
wlLh very large sollds
W 1here wlll be a large scale unlform moLlon gross clrculaLlon
of bed maLerlal and severe channellng compared Lo flne
parLlcles
W 1hls coarse parLlcle reglme ls called as hurnlng
fluldlzaLlon
W llne parLlcles 1urbulenL lluldlzaLlon
W oarse parLlcles hurnlng lluldlzaLlon
9neumaLlc LransporL of sollds
W onslder a verLlcal Lube wlLh alr up flow and
wlLh a conLlnuous feed of sollds
W lf u
o
ls hlgh enough and feed raLe of sollds ls
small enough Lhen all Lhe sollds be carrled up
Lhe Lube as separaLed parLlcles wldely
dlspersed ln Lhe gas
W 8elaLlve veloclLy beLween gas and solld ls
called as Sllp veloclLy u
p
u
o
u
s
W We can alLer Lhe values of u
o
u
s
Lo malnLaln
lean dlspersed up flowlng mlxLure Lhls reglme
ls called as pneumaLlc LransporL reglme
9neumaLlc LransporL of sollds
9neumaLlc LransporL of sollds
W Above Lhe solld feed parLlcles acceleraLe
upwards
W verLlcal dlsLrlbuLlon of Lhese ls urve 9;8
W onvenLlonal pneumaLlc conveylng operaLes
aL hlgh u
o
( 20u
L
for small parLlcles) ln order
Lo prevenL Lhe seLLllng (salLlng) of parLlcles
W ,ass flow raLlo of solld Lo gas ls 120 (hlgh
voldage)
9neumaLlc LransporL of sollds
W When u
o
ls reduced or solld flow raLe ls
lncreased a condlLlon ls reached where Lhe
characLer of Lhe mlxLure changes drasLlcally
wlLh clumplng slugglng and sollds falllng
below Lhe sollds feed porL
W 1hls condlLlon ls called as hoklng condlLlon
W 1hls condlLlon ls Lhe llmlL of pneumaLlc
LransporL
lasL lluldlzaLlon
W AL a glven veloclLy lf Lhe feed raLe of sollds
exceeds Lhe choklng condlLlon Lhen an
approprlaLe gas dlsLrlbuLor should be placed
ln Lhe column llg 13b
W AL hlgh u
o
( u
o
20 u
L
) Lhe slLuaLlon
represenLs lasL lluldlzaLlon
lasL lluldlzaLlon
W AL low solld feed raLe correspondlng sollds
fracLlon curve ls S
1
1
1
u
1
W uenser reglon aL boLLom 1 sollds
W Lean reglon aL Lop 1 sollds
W lor bubbllng or LurbulenL sollds fracLlon aL
Lop ls 30 60 sollds
W lor pneumaLlc LransporL sollds fracLlon aL Lop
1 sollds
lasL lluldlzaLlon
W AL hlgher solld feed raLe correspondlng sollds
fracLlon curve ls S
2
1
2
u
2
flg 13c e
W llg 13d ls for Lhe same sollds flow raLe of
flg 13c buL ln a shorLer vessel correspondlng
sollds fracLlon curve vWx
Solld clrculaLlon sysLems
W Sollds leavlng Lhe lasL lluldlzaLlon vessel are
separaLed from Lhe gas by a cyclone separaLor
and enLer a fluldlzed bed LhaL ls deep enough
Lo provlde Lhe pressure head needed Lo feed
sollds pneumaLlcally lnLo Lhe vessel wlLhouL
resource Lo mechanlcal devlces
W 1he clrculaLlon of sollds ls conLrolled by a
valve ln Lhe feeder Lube
voldage dlagrams
W voldage dlagrams for
all solld carryover
reglmes
W 8edvoldage vs PelghL
W
s
vs L
W
s
1
f
voldage dlagrams
W vold fracLlon vs veloclLy
W
f
vs u
o
,applng of lluldlzaLlon 8eglmes
1o predlcL Lhe behavlor of a speclflc Cas Solld operaLlon
onLacLlng 8eglme
ApproprlaLe 9erformance expresslons
8eclrculaLlon yclone separaLors needed or noL
Crace developed a charL Lo map Lhese 8eglmes whlch ls useful
for Lnglneerlng appllcaLlons
d
p
* vs u* glven by eqs 31 32
,applng of lluldlzaLlon 8eglmes
,applng of lluldlzaLlon 8eglmes
W Show Lhe onseL of fluldlzaLlon u
L
ln beds of slngle
slze parLlcles
W 1hey locaLe Lhe modlfled boundarles for CeldarL
classlflcaLlon
W 1he A8 boundary ls glven by
(d
p
*)
A8
101 8
g
/(8
s
8
g
)
02
3
W A boundary ls uncerLaln and ls affecLed by oheslve
forces beLween parLlcles
W Show LhaL spouLlng ls characLerlsLlc of CeldarL u and
can be made Lo occur aL gas veloclLles even lower Lhan
u
mf
,applng of lluldlzaLlon 8eglmes
W lor CeldarL A 8 normal bubbllng beds operaLe
sLably over a wlde range of condlLlons parLlcle
slze
W 1he onseL of 1urbulenL occur beyond u
L
for very
small parLlcles
W 8uL for large parLlcles lL occur close Lo u
mf
(churnlng flow reglme)
W lasL fluldlzaLlon ls only pracLlcal for very small
parLlcles and aL very hlgh gas veloclLles as hlgh as
1000u
mf
,applng of lluldlzaLlon 8eglmes
W 9rogresslve
change ln Cas
Solld conLacLlng
wlLh change ln
gas veloclLy