Fhead,thumb
P
P
Rx = ∑Fx R y =∑Fy
“If a net external force acts on a body, the body has acceleration.
The direction of acceleration is the same as the direction of the net
force, The magnitude of the net force is equal to the mass of the
body times the acceleration of the body”
The constant of proportionality is called “mass”, denoted m.
» The mass of an object is a constant property of that
object, and is independent of external influences.
● Force has units of [M]x[L / T2] = kg m/s2 = N (Newton)
“One newton is the amount of the net force that gives an
acceleration of one meter per second squared to a body with a
mass of one kilogram”
● The vector equation of the second law is equivalent to the following
component equations:
ΣFX = maX ∑FY = maY, ∑FZ = maZ
Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 13
1.3.2 Mass and weight:
w = mg
● Measuring mass and weight:
W= 539 N
FA ,B = - FB ,A.
different bodies.
• Free-body diagrams: (a) For the mass m ; (b) For the point P of
the string
• We have the following equations:
| T | = | T’ | (by the third Newton’s law)
T’ + T1 + T2 = 0 (the net force on P) or | T’ | = | T’’ |
T1 T2
m
P P
m W T’
(a) (b)
M α
W2
α
W
W
Free-body diagram for M
So we have
m1g - T = m1 a (a)
T - m2g = m2 a (b)
Two equations & two unknowns
we can solve for both unknowns (T and a).
Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 22
● Add (b) + (a):
g(m1 - m2 ) = a(m1+ m2 )
( m1 - m2 )
a = g
( m1 + m2 )
T = 2gm1m2 / (m1 + m2 )
● So we find: ( m1 − m 2 ) 2 m1 m2
a= g T= g
( m1 + m 2 ) ( m1 + m2 )
smooth peg
m22
m
m
m11
θ1 θ2
m1 sin θ1 − m2 sin θ2
So: a= g
+
m1 m2
● Some special case:
Case 1
m1 m2
If θ1 = 0 and θ2 = 0, a = 0.
If θ1 = 90 and θ2 = 90,
m1
m2 ( m1 − m 2 )
a= g
( m1 + m 2 )
Case 3 m1
If θ1 = 0 and θ2 = 90,
m2
a =− g
m2 ( m1 + m 2 )
F x
ma
µKN
mg
FMAX = µS mg µS = FMAX / mg
N y
FMAX x
µS N
mg
(a) stop
(b) accelerate
(c) move with constant speed
m
y µKN
Doubling the mass will
simply
double both terms…net force
N θ will still be zero!
x
θ Speed will still be constant!
mg
Increase the friction and the
mg sinθ downhill force by the same
factor nothing changes!
v2
arad = =ω2 R
R
v2
Fnet = marad = m = mω 2 R
R
F
α Fcosα α ∑Fx = F sinα = m.arad
L
ac ∑Fy = F cosα – mg = 0
m x
Fc=Fsinα
R
m The second eq. gives
v W
Free-body diagram for m F = mg / cosα
arad = g / tanα
L cos α
T=
g
p = mv
● Then, the equation for the second Newton’s law can be written in
the equivalent form:
● In the general case when net forces are not constant we have
p2 t
( )
2
p2 − p1 = ∫ dp = ∫
∑ F dt.
p1 t1
with the average force the result of the force (changing momentum)
is the same as of the original net force.
The meaning of the concept of impuls is to characterize
the effect of forces – causing changes in momentum.
dpA dp B
FB on A = FA on B =
dt dt by Newton’s third law
dpA dpB d ( pA + pB )
FB on A + FA on B = + = =0
dt dt dt
● The principle holds for an isolated
mv
A system containing any
number of particle A , B, C,… interacting with each other
P = pA + p B + pC +... = mv A + mvB + mvC +...
dP
=0 P = constant
dt
Px, i = Px, f
mv = (M+m)V M + m
v = V
m
x
v
V
initial final
m1 + m2
m1
m2 v2
before after
m2
y: Py ,i = Py ,f m 2 v 2 = ( m1 + m 2 )V y Vy = v2
( m1 + m 2 )
v1 V = (Vx,Vy)
m1 m1 + m2
m2 v2
P
P
p2
p1 θ
p2 p1
p2
tan θ =
p1