DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : Dr. BYRI PRABHAKAR
Designation : Sr. Lecturer
Branch : D.C.C.P
Institute : SRRS Govt. Polytechnic,
Sircilla
Year/Semester : IV Semester
Subject : Quantitative Techniques-II
Subject Code : CCP403
Topic : Matrices
Duration : 50 Mts
Sub Topic : Equation solving through
Cramer’s rule
Teaching aids : PPT, Animations
CCP-403.74 1
Objectives :

On completion of this period, you would be

able to:

 Solve the linear equations through Crammer’s

rule

CCP-403.74 2
Recap :
So far you learnt

 Singular MatrixA = 0
 Non-singular Matrix A ≠ 0
 Adjoint of a Matrix
 Inverse Matrix
(If AB = BA = I, then B is called inverse of A and
is denoted by A-1)

CCP-403.74 3
Known to Unknown :
So far you know solving linear algebraic equations
by elimination of variables such as
2a + b = 11 ------------- 1
a - b = 1 ------------- 2
Add 3a = 12
∴ a = 12 / 3 = 4
Substitute value of a in (2) a-b = 1 ∴ b = 3

But, if the no. of variables are more this elimination

process is difficult. So, matrix method is used to
solve such equations
CCP-403.74 4
System of Linear Equations :

The equation
 ax + by + cz = 0 is a linear homogeneous equation
in x, y and z
 ax + by + cz + d = 0 is a linear non – homogeneous
equation in x, y, z

The linear non – homogeneous equations can be

solved in matrix method ( Cramer’s rule)

CCP-403.74 5
Procedure of Crammer’s Method :
 Let the 3 linear equations are
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
Expressing these equations in matrix equation form
 a1 b1 c1   x  d1 
     
A   a2 b2 c 2 ; X   y ; D   d 2 
 a b3 c3   z  d 
 3     3
A A
Find when ≠ 0 the system has a solution
i.e. when A is a Non-singular the equations can be solved
CCP-403.74 6
Procedure of Crammer’s method contd

 Now construct three square matrixes D1, D2, D3

from A as follows
 D1 is obtained by replacing the first column of A
with the elements of D i.e. d1, d2, d3
 d1 b1 c1 
 
i.e., D1   d 2 b2 c2 
 d b3 c3 
 3 

 Similarly D2 is obtained by replacing the second

column of A with the same elements of D
 a1 d1 c1 
 
i.e., D 2   a 2 d2 c2 
 a d3 c3 
 3 
CCP-403.74 7
Procedure of Crammer’s method contd

3) Similarly D3 is obtained by replacing the 3rd column

of A with the same elements of D
 a1 b1 d1 
 
i.e., D3   a 2 b 2 d 2 
 a b d 
 3 3 3

D1 , D 2 D3

Now obtain and is the determinants of

the matrices D1, D2, D3
Write the solution for the given set of equations
D1
with thex following D2
formula D3
 y z
A A A

CCP-403.74 8
Example 1

Solve the following equations using cramer’s rule

x+2y+3z = 14 2x-y+5z = 15 3x-2y-4z =
-13

Sol: Expressing the equation in matrix form

 1 2 3  x  14 
     
A   2 1 5 ; X   y ; D   15 
 3 2 4   z  13 
     
1 2 3
1 5 2 5 2 1
  A  2 1 5  1 2 3
2 4 3 4 3 2
3 2 4

CCP-403.74 9
Solution contd
 1(4  10)  2(8  15)  3(4  3)
 14  46  3
 57
(D1 is obtained by replacing first column of A with the
element of D ) 14 2 3
15 1 5
D1 13 2 4
x 
 
14(4  10)  2(60  65)  3(30  13)

57
196  10  129

57
57

57
1
CCP-403.74 10
Solution contd

1 14 3
2 15 5 ( D2 is obtained by replacing
D2 3 13 4 2nd column of A with the
y 
  elements of D)

1(60  65)  14(8  15)  3(26  45)


57
5  322  213

57
114

57
2

CCP-403.74 11
Solution contd

1 2 14
2 1 15 (D3 is obtained by replacing
D 3 2 13 3rd column of A with the
z 3 
  elements of D)

1(13  30)  2(26  45)  14(4  3)


57
43  142  14

57
171

57
3

Hence x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
CCP-403.74 12
Example 2

Solve the equation by cramer’s method

5x-4y = 9 ; 7y-6z = 10 ; 4x-3z = 11

Sol: Express the equation in matrix form

 5 4 0   x  9
     
A   0 7 6  x   y D   10 
 4 0 3   z  11 
     

∆ = A = 5 (-21-0) + 4 (0+24) + 0 = -105 +96 = -9

Since ∆ ≠ 0 the system has a solution

CCP-403.74 13
Solution contd
9 4 0
10 7 6
D1 11 0 3 9(21)  4(30  66) 45
x    5
 9 9 9
5 9 0
0 10 6
D2 4 11 3 5(30  66)  9(24) 36
y    4
 9 9 9
5 4 9
0 7 10
D3 4 0 11 5(77)  4(40)  9(28) 27
z    3
 9 9 9
Hence x = 5; y = 4; z = 3
CCP-403.74 14
Example 3
Solve x+y+z = 1 ; 2x+2y+3z = 6 ; x+4y+9z = 3
1 1 1
Sol:   2 2 3  1(18  12)  1(18  3)  1(8  2)
1 4 9
 6  15  6
 3

∆ ≠ 0 Hence, the system has a solution.

1 1 1
6 2 3
3 4 9 1(18  12)  1(54  9)  1(24  6)
x 
3 3
6  45  18 21
  7
3 3
CCP-403.74 15
Solution contd

1 1 1
2 6 3
1 3 9 1(54  9)  1(18  3)  1(6  6) 30
y    10
3 3 3
1 1 1
2 2 6
1 4 3 1(6  24)  1(6  6)  1(8  2) 18  6 12
z    4
3 3 3 3

Hence x = 7; y = -10; z = 4

CCP-403.74 16
Summary :

In this period you have learnt

 The system of linear equations

 Solving the equations by Crammer’s
Rule

CCP-403.74 17
Quiz

1. The equations can be solved through

matrices when
a) ∆ = 0
b) ∆ ≠ 0
c) ∆ > 0
d) ∆ < 0

CCP-403.74 18
Quiz

2. In crammer’s rule the value ‘x’ is found by

replacing ______ column of A with elements
of D
 1st
 2nd
 3rd
 None

CCP-403.74 19
Quiz

3. In crammer’s rule the value of z is found by

replacing___ column of A with elements of D
 1st
 2nd
 3rd
 None

CCP-403.74 20
Frequently Asked Questions :

1. Solve the equation by cramer’s rule

Oct. / Nov, 07
2x + 3y – z = 5
x - 2y +2z = 3
-3x + y + 3z = 8
2. Solve the following equations by Cramer’s rule:
2x – 2y – z = -5 (C-00,12 Marks, April-2005)
5x + 3y – 2z = 5
-2x – 8y + 6z = 0

CCP-403.74 21
Assignment :

Solve the equations using Cramer’s rule

1. 5x-6y+4z = 15
7x +4y-3z = 19
2x+y +6z = 46

2. 3x – 2y = 13
4x + y = 21

CCP-403.74 22