DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : P. Purnasekhar
Designation : Senior Lec /ECE
Branch : ECE
Institute : GPW,Nellore
Year/ Semister : III Sem
Sub : Electronic Circuite -I
Sub.Code : EC-302,
Major Topic : Power Supplies
Sub-Topic : FWR With Inductor, LC,CLC,CRC
Filter
Duration : 100 Min
Teaching Aids : PPT slides, Scanned Diagrams

EC302.9to10 1
Objectives

On completion of this class the student will

be able to know

• Working of FWR With Inductor, LC,CLC,CRC Filter

• Output waveforms

• How does Inductor, LC, CLC,CRC Filter reduces the

ripple

• Merits and demerits

EC302.9to10 2
Introduction

1. Is The output of a rectifier circuit called pure DC or

pulsating DC?

Pulsating DC

2. The variations in the out put of the rectifier are called

Ripples

EC302.9to10 3
3. What is a rectifier?

A circuit which converts AC to DC

4. What is the term we use to refer the output of a

rectifier?

Pulsating DC

5. Why is it called pulsating DC?

Its amplitude is varying even though the polarity is

constant
EC302.9to10 4
 1. To remove /reduce the ac component from
the output of a rectifier ------are used.

Filters

7. Where do you connect Filters?

Between the rectifier and the load

EC302.9to10 5
8. Can you name some filters that are used in rectifiers.
• Capacitor filter,
• Inductor filter,
• RC,LC,CLC,CRC filters

9. What is their purpose?

• To remove the ripple
• To improve regulation

EC302.9to10 6
10. What are the useful properties of Capacitor
to act as filter

• Very high impedance for DC

• Very low Impedance for AC
• Capacitors store the energy in the electrostatic form
• When voltage decreases it tries to keep the voltage
constant. If no voltage is there, it discharges slowly providing
some voltage across the load.
• Capacitor filter should be connected always in shunt to the
• load.

EC302.9to10 7
11. What are the main features of Capacitor Filters ?

• Capacitor charges to the peak value of the applied

voltage
• Acts as good filter for smaller load currents

• Continuous output voltage

• reduced ripple
• Improved regulation

EC302.9to10 8
12 . What are the main features of Inductors ?
Inductors offers
• Zero resistance for DC
• Very high impedance to AC
• Inductor charges to the average value and
• Stores the energy in the form of the magnetic field,
• Opposes any change in current due to induced voltage
or back emf
• Acts as good filter for larger load currents
• Connected always in series to the Load
EC302.9to10 9
 • reduced ripple
• Improved regulation
• It requires certain minimum current ALWAYS.

13. Inductor filters are not preferred in HWR. Why?

As the minimum current is not

flowing through the inductor in
HWR, output falls as shown in
figure

EC302.9to10 10
Inductor Filter

• The rectified output of the FWR appears as

input to the Inductor filter.
• The reactance of the inductor (XL) reduces the

•amplitude
And givesofthe
applied ripplevoltage
dc output voltagewithout reducing
by an appreciable amount.
• The output voltage approximates the average
value of the rectified input to the filter
RL
• Ripple factor using Inductor filter:
EC302.9to10 3 2 L 11
LC OR L-Section Filter

Working of LC filter:

• Practical filter circuits are derived by combining the

voltage stabilizing action of shunt capacitor with the current
smoothing action of series choke coil

LC Choke-Input Filter

The LC choke-input filter is used primarily in power supplies

where the voltage regulation is important the output
current is relatively high

EC302.9to10 12
 This filter consists of an input inductor (L), or filter choke,
and an output filter capacitor (C).

Inductor L is placed at the input to the filter

and is in series with the output of the
rectifier circuit.

Since the action of an inductor is to oppose

any change in current flow, the inductor
tends to keep a constant current flowing
to the load throughout the complete cycle
of the applied voltage.

As a result, the output voltage never

reaches the peak value of the applied
voltage.
EC302.9to10 13
• Instead, the output voltage
approximates the average value of
the rectified input to the filter,
as shown in the figure.
• The reactance of the inductor (XL)
reduces the amplitude of ripple
voltage without reducing the dc
output voltage by an appreciable
amount.
• The shunt capacitor (C) charges and
discharges at the ripple frequency
rate, but the amplitude of the ripple
voltage (Er) is relatively small
because the inductor (L) tends to
keep a constant current flowing from
the rectifier circuit to the load.
EC302.9to10 14
• In addition, the reactance of the shunt
capacitor (XC) presents

• A low impedance to the ripple component

existing at the output of the filter, and shunts

the ripple component around the load

• The capacitor attempts to hold the output

voltage relatively constant at the average
value of the voltage.

• The value of the filter capacitor C must be

relatively large to present a low opposition (X)
to the pulsating current and to store a
substantial charge.
EC302.9to10 15
The rate of the charge for the capacitor is limited by

• The low impedance of the ac source (the transformer),

• The small resistance of the diode, and
• The counter electromotive force (CEMF) developed by
the coil.

• Therefore, the RC charge time constant is short compared to

its discharge time.

• Consequently, when the pulsating voltage is first applied to

the LC choke –input filter

• The inductor (L) produces a EMF which opposes the

constantly increasing input voltage

EC302.9to10 16
 • The net result is to effectively
prevent the rapid charging of the filter
capacitor (C)
• After the input voltage reaches
its peak and decreases sufficiently,
the capacitor C1 attempts to
discharge through the load
resistance RL.

• C1 will only partially discharge

relatively long discharge time
constant. The larger the value of
the filter capacitor, the better the
filtering action.
1
• Ripple factor using LC filter =
6 2  2 LC
EC302.9to10 17
Characteristics of LC filter
• Ripple factor becomes independent of Load

• Less value of inductor can be used

• Better voltage regulation

• Needs bleeder resistance

Disadvantages
• Larger RMS current
• Larger cost, more weight, larger size

EC302.9to10 18
Working OF CLC OR ∏ Filter
• C1 reduces the ripple to a
relatively low level

• L and C2 form the LC filter, which

reduces the ripple even further.

• L has a high value of inductance

therefore, a high value of XL which
offers a high reactance to the ripple
frequency.

• At the same time, C2 offers a very low reactance to ac ripple

EC302.9to10 19
• L and C2 for an ac voltage divider
and, because the reactance of L much
higher than that of C2, most of the
ripple voltage is dropped across L.
• Only a slight trace of ripple
appears across C2 and the load

• While the L -C2 network greatly

reduces ac ripple it has little effect
on DC
2
• Ripple factor using CLC filter =
8  3 LC1C2 RL

EC302.9to10 20
Summary
• Filters are used to remove ripple.
• Capacitors and inductors are used individually or in
combination as filter elements.
• Capacitor filters are connected in shunt with the load
.
Capacitor filter
• Improves average current
• Reduces ripple
• PIV in HWR is Doubled
• Improves the regulation
EC302.9to10 21
• Bleeder resistor provides discharging path
when load is not connected.

• Ripple factor using

RL
• Inductor filter:
3 2 L
1
• LC filter:
6 2  2 LC
2
• CLC filter:
8  3 LC1C2 RL

• The LC filter provides good filtering action

over a wide range of current.

• The capacitor filters best when the load is

drawing little current

EC302.9to10 22
Quiz:

1. The ripple factor of LC filter is ____ with the load

a) Independent

b) Increases

c) Decreases

a) None

EC302.9to10 23
1. Bleeder resistance is used to

a) Reduce ripple

b) Maintain minimum current

c) To provide discharge path

d) Both b & c

EC302.9to10 24
1. CLC Filters are more useful at the load currents of

a) medium

b) small

c) Very high
d) a and b

EC302.9to10 25
Frequently asked questions:

1. Draw and explain the working of LC filter with Full

Wave Rectifier

3. Draw and explain the working of CLC filter with Full

Wave Rectifier

3. What is the purpose of bleeder resistor ? Why it is

used in L section filter?

EC302.9to10 26