DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : A.V.Venugopal
Designation : Lecturer
Branch : ECE
Institute : G.P.W,HINDUPUR
semester : Third
Subject : Analog communication
Sub-code : EC-305
Topic : Transmission lines & wave
propagation
Duration : 50Mts
Sub-Topic : Transmission lines-Infinite line,Open circuited line
Teaching Aids : PPTs, Diagrams
EC305.58 1
OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of this period ,you would be able to

• Know the step input response of

5. An infinitely long line

7. An open circuited line.

EC305.58 2
STEP INPUT

It is a signal where
v(t)=V for t>0+
=0 for t<0.

5. It is used to determine the response of any circuit for

sudden changes

2. It helps estimating high frequency response.

EC305.58 3
 s
R

t=0

Step input

Fig : step input

R is the internal impedance of the source

EC305.58 4
Transmission lines exists as a matched line or as a mismatched
line.

• Line terminated with characteristic impedance.Z0 is called a

matched line.

• Line of infinite length also behaves as matched line.

EC305.58 5
 Mismatched lines are

• Line with open circuit at far end.

• Line short circuit line at far end.

• Line with terminating impedance ZL other than Z0

EC305.58 6
 Step input response of infinitely long line.

R t=0

V To infinity

STEP INPUT
Fig : application of step input for a infinite line
• At t=0,when the switch is closed voltage V is
connected to the line.
• Current starts to flow into the line charging the line
capacitance .
EC305.58 7
• A surge of energy moves along the line at some final
speed .

• Since the line infinitely long the surge(energy) will

continue to move along the line for ever.

• Line looks like a resistance and there is no dissipation.

EC305.58 8
Step input response of open circuited line

R S ii
t=0 ir
Open end
V

ii
ir
Source end l

Fig :step input to line of length ‘l’

EC305.58 9
Step input response of open circuited line.

• Line has length ‘l’ with open end.

• A voltage source V in series with Z0is connected at

source end with a switch.

• When switch is closed , a surge energy moves down to

the end of the line.

• Since ZS = Z0, Half of the source voltage appear across

the input end of the line.

• Remaining half appear across source resistance.

EC305.58 10
• At the end of the line the total current is Zero, since there
is an open circuit.

• The energy is reflected from the open end of the line.

• Reflected current is equal in magnitude and opposite in

direction to the incident current.

• The total voltage at the destination end is twice the

incident voltage.

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• The total current is Zero.

• As the reflected surge moves towards the input, the

current gradually becomes Zero all along the line.

• Voltage across the line is equal to source voltage and

current becomes Zero.

EC305.58 12
 V

V/2
0 t
T 2T

Fig. (a) voltage at source end

• The voltage rises from zero to one half of the supply voltage
at t=0.as shown in figure (a)

• Again the voltage rise to the full supply voltage once the surge
had move down to the line to the open end and back after the
time 2T.
EC305.58 13
 v

t
T

Fig :(b) Voltage at open end

• Fig (b) shows there is no voltage at the open end until the
surge has reached the open end.

• Once surge has reached,the voltage rises from zero to full

supply voltage.

EC305.58 14
The time taken for the signal to move down the line is
T=L/ Vp -----------------(I)

Where T=time for a signal to travel to the end of the line

L=length of the line

V p=velocity of propagation on the line

V p=V f .C ------------(2).

Where V f = velocity factor

C=velocity of light=300*106m/s

EC305.58 15
Example:
Calculate the time taken by the voltage surge to reached the end
of the transmission line of length 10meters when the switch is
closed at t=0(with velocity factor of 0.7)

Solution: 6

Given data}L=10m,Vf=0.7,C=300*10
T=L/Vp
=L/Vf*C
6
=10m/0.7*300*10
47.6ms.
The voltage at the load will remain zero until the
surge reaches the EC305.58
load end. 16
SUMMARY

• Transmission line exists as a matched line or as a

mismatched line.

• Mismatched lines are:

5. Line with open circuited end,

7. Line with short circuit at the far end,

3. Line terminated with an impedance other than Z0,

EC305.58 17
• Line terminated in its characteristic impedance is called
a mismatched line.

• Infinitely long line behaves as a resistance.

• In an open circuit line or a short circuit line their will be

reflection of energy.

EC305.58 18
 QUIZ

1. A matched line is a

(a).line with short circuit

(b).line with open circuit

(c).line terminated with Zl

(d).line terminated with Z0

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2. A mismatched line is a

(a). line with short circuit

(b). line with open circuit

(c). line terminated with impedance other than Zo

(d). all the above.

EC305.58 20
 Frequently asked questions

1. Explain the response of a transmission line for a step

input of

(a).infinitely long line

(b).open circuited line.

EC305.58 21