DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
NANE : P.KUMAR BABU.
DESIGNATION : LECTURER IN E.C.E.
BRANCH :ELECTRONS &COMMU. Engg.
INSTITUTE : G.P.W, SURYAPET.
YEAR/SEMESTER : III Sem
SUBJECT : ELECTRONICS-I.
SUBJECT CODE : EE-305.
TOPIC : SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES.
SUB TOPIC : FORMATION OF PNP AND NPN
TRANSISTORS.
TEACHING AIDS : FIGURES,PPT,ANIMATIONS.
DURATION : 50 MIN.

EE305.17 1
RECAP

• What is regulation

• Which device provides regulation

• What is the meaning of stabilisation.

• For what purpose we have to stabilize the output.

• What is function of regulator.

• Is zener diode a pn-junction diode or not.

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What is this?

EE305.17 3
Objectives:

Upon the completion of this period the student

will be able to know

• Types of transistors, symbols of transistors.

• Transistor operated regions and doping of regions.

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The Transistor

1947 - The Bell Labs’ team of John Bardeen, Walter Brattain,

and William Shockley invent an odd looking device
consisting of germanium, gold strips, insulators, and
wires called the transistor.

1951 - Bell Labs’ scientists Gordon Teal and J.B. Little grow a
large single crystal of germanium leading to the develop-
ment of the junction transistor.

1951 - Commercial manufacturing of transistors begins

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 TYPES OF TRANSISTORS

NPN-TRANSISTOR PNP-TRANSISTOR

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• Transistor is made by using Germanium or Silicon.

• Transistor having three regions emitter, base and

collector.

• Transistor has two pn-junctions.

• One junction between emitter and base called emitter-

base junction.

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• Other junction is between the base and collector called
collector-base junction.

• Base is lightly doped, And is very thin region.

• Emitter is heavily doped . And is having large volume

when compared either collector or base regions.

• The doping of collector is in between emitter and base.

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 E

NPN and PNP Transistors

B
C B
C
E C
B N P N
E

C
B
E C
B
P N P
E
SYMBOLS FIG 2
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 Regions of operation of a Transistor

Emitter base Collector base Region of Application

junction junction operation
Amplifier
Forward-bias Reverse-bias Active
(linear)
Closed
Forward-bias Forward-bias Saturation
switch
Reverse-bias Reverse-bias Open
Cut-off
switch

Reverse-bias Forward-bias Inverted Over load

EE-305.17 10
Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT)
Collector
Collector

• Three Layers in a BJT p n

– Emitter
base
– Base (very thin) n p

– Collector i
P
i n

• Two Types of BJT’s

– PNP (figure on left)
Emitter Emitter
• operates with outgoing base current
– NPN (figure on right) FIG 3
• operates with incoming base current

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BJT Schematic Representation
collector

iB
p

base n Corresponds to: +

VBB
i P+ -

emitter

collector

p Corresponds to: +
VBB

i n+ -
FIG 4
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emitter
 Cutoff NPN BJT
Collector current
C

V2 n

- Base current
B Reverse Biased
p

+++ Reverse biased

-
n
V1

+
Emitter current
E
FIG 5 EE305.17 13
 Saturated NPN BJT
Collector current
C

V2 n

----
Base current Forward biased
+
B
p
- Forward biased
+ ++ -
n
V1

-
Emitter current
FIG 6 EE305.17 E 14
 Active Linear NPN BJT
Collector current
C

V2 n

---
Base current
- Reverse Biased
B
---
p

---
Forward biased
- ++
n
V1

+
Emitter current
FIG 7 EE305.17 E 15
Summary

We have discussed about

• Types of transistor

• Transistor operated regions

• Doping of regions

• Symbols of transistors

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For transistor action

(a) The collector must be heavily doped than the

emitter region.

(d) The collector-base junction must be forward-biased.

(f) The base region must be very narrow.

(h) The base region must be N –type material.

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Frequently asked questions

• Draw the symbols of pnp and npn transistors and specify

the leads.

• Besides the active region of a transistor, what are the

other possible conditions of operation of a transistor.

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