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BY MALVI SHAH (11MSB0106) DARSHINI SHAH (11MSB0070) KANISHA SHAH (11MSB0069)

INTRODUCTION
The word extremophile is derived from latin

word extremus which means extreme and phile means love.

An organism that thrives in physically or

geochemically extreme conditions is called as an extremophile.

TYPES
Acidophiles Thermophiles Alkaliphiles Pyschrophiles

TYPES
Xerophiles Halophiles Barophiles Radioresistant

TYPES
Cryptoendolith Hyperthermophile Hypolith Metallotolerant

TYPES
Oligotrophs Osmophile Polyextremophile Thermoacidophile

ACIDOPHILES
Survive in acidic conditions.

Can survive in pH of 1-5.

Optimal growth p H less than 3. Identified by their ability to live in acidic environment.

Reproduce asexually through mitosis or sexual reproduction.

SURVIVAL
are able to survive in this acid habitat because

its cells pump out poisonous hydrogen ions fast enough not to damage the DNA inside the nucleus.
If they could not pump out the hydrogen ions, then acidophiles would not be able to survive.

USES
To recover metallic minerals lost during the

mining of coal.
To reduce sulfur levels in coal. As organic acids or solvents.

EXAMPLE

THERMOPHILES
Live and grow in extreme hot conditions.

Grow best in temperature between 45 -70 C.

Some may come under group of

archeabacteria.
live in geothermal habitats or they live in

environments that create heat themselves.

THERMOPHILES
Also found in hot springs [Yellowstone

National Park], deep sea vent, decaying plant matter.

reproduce either by sexual or asexual

reproduction through mitosis.

must have a supply of organic matter like food

scraps in order to grow.

USES
Thermus aquaticus and Thermococcus

litoralis are used as an enzyme used in DNA fingerprinting in criminal cases or in identification of parents or siblings.
Bacillus stearothermophilus is another thermophile used as an enzyme in biological detergents.

EXAMPLES
Thermus aquaticus Thermococcus litoralis

ALKALIPHILES
live in alkaline environments like soda lakes,

or alkaline soil.
The pH level is 9 to 11 on the pH scale. identified by their ability to live in alkali

environments

SURVIVAL
keep an alkaline level of about 9 pH inside the

cells, but the environment has a higher level of alkalinity.

can keep the right pH level by pumping in

hydrogen ions in and out at the right rate.

USES
used to remove gel surfaces from x-ray film take the hair off of animal hides to make food, medicines treatment of wastes recovering spilled oil as anitibiotics.

EXAMPLES
Geoalkalibacter ferrihydriticus Bacillus okhensis Alkalibacterium iburiense

PSYCHROPHILES
live and grow better in temperatures that are

about -10 to 20C.

found mostly in the Arctic and Antarctic

oceans which remains frozen most of the year.

reproduce asexually through mitosis.

PYSCHROPHILES
produce an enzyme that no other organism

does.
This enzyme is released when psychrophiles

reproduce and forms a crystalized structure in liquids like milk.

ROLE
Psychrophiles can cause milk and other dairy

products to spoil. Before the milk products are pasteurized, the milk sits in a refrigerated storage tank for usually two days. This time period gives psychrophiles time to reproduce. While the psychrophiles are reproducing, they release an enzyme. After the psychrophiles are killed during pasteurization, the enzymes work to break down, or curdle the product. It also reduced the amount of time that dairy products remain fresh.

EXAMPLES
Arthrobacter Pyschrobacter Polaromonas vacuolata (Bacteria)

HALOPHILES
are aerobic microorganisms live and grow in high saline/salty environments. The saline content in halophilic environments is usually 10 times the saline/salt content of normal ocean water. Reproduce sexually as well as asexually.

HALOPHILES
Halophiles are coated with a special protein

covering, which is used to allow only certain levels of saline/salt into the cell.
This covering helps to seal in water with the

right level of saline.

Using the process of diffusion to help it keeps

the salt content at the right level all the time.

SURVIVAL
use osmotic pressure and chemical substances

like sugars, alcohols, amino acids to help control the amount of salt inside the cell. Osmotic pressure is relationship of fluids on the inside and outside of a cell. cells keep the pressure the same on the inside and outside of the cells.

USES
Halophiles are present in brine salt. Brine salt is used

to cure animal hides. These halophiles themselves cause the hide to cure by breaking down substances on the surface of the hide.
Scientists are studying the genes of halophiles so that they can find a way to reclaim soil that is ruined by overuse, flooding, and too much irrigation. Over time this soil is made too saline/salty to grow crops, but the genes inside halophiles might show how to fix the ruined land by blending the genes of the halophiles with the genes of the crops. That would hopefully make the crops able to grow in soil with above average saline/salt content.

EXAMPLES
Halobacterium Tetragenococcus halophilus

BAROPHILES
that can survive under great pressures. live deep under the surfaces of the earth or

water.
There are three kinds of these microorganisms:

barotolerant, barophilic, and extreme barophiles.

SURVIVAL
As you go lower into the ocean or land, the pressure increases and makes changes in the barophiles ability for its enzymes to bind the organism together. However, extreme barophiles have been able to adapt by making special proteins/enzymes that do hold the cellular structure together by allowing the normal chemical reactions to take place. Proteins also surround barophillic organisms giving

them even more protection from the pressure. Unsaturated fatty acids were also found inside extreme barophiles. These fatty acids give them protection from the pressure and cold..

USES
Scientists are exploring ways to use the special

enzymes and fatty acids produced by barophiles in the production of food and other industry related fields.

EXAMPLE
Halomonas salaria

EXTREMOZYMES
An extremozyme is an enzyme, often created

by extremophiles that can function under extreme environmental conditions such as very high pH, very low pH, high temperature, high salinity, or other factors, that would otherwise denature typical enzymes . e.g. catalase, rubisco, carbonic anhydrase.

APPLICATIONS
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS

E.g. RNA polymerase, Taq DNA polymerase

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
Cold-tolerant Extremozymes

Food processor cold-wash detergent

Acid-tolerant Extremozymes

Catalyst for the synthesis of compounds in acidic solution additives for animal feed

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
Alkali-tolerant Extremozymes

Detergent (protease, lipase etc.) Dye

Salt-tolerant Extremozymes

Oil exploitation