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Osmoregulation and Excretion

The urinary system


Osmoregulation
 All animals face the same central
problem of osmoregulation.
 Over time, the rates of water uptake and
loss must balance.
 Animal cells—which lack cell walls—swell
and burst if there is a continuous net
uptake of water, or shrivel and die if there
is a substantial net loss of water.

35.1
Osmolarity
 Osmolarity is defined as
 Moles of solute (salt) per liter of solution
(water)
 A value of 300 mosm/L

35.1
Excretion
 The removal of nitrogenous waste
(from the break down of amino acids
primarily)
 Urea is the waste product in humans

35.1
Types of Waste Products
Proteins Nucleic acids

Amino acids Nitrogenous bases


 Among the most
important wastes are –NH2
Amino groups
the nitrogenous
breakdown products
of proteins and nucleic
acids
Many reptiles
Most aquatic Mammals, most (including
animals, including amphibians, sharks,
birds), insects,
most bony fishes some bony fishes
land snails
O
H
C
HN C N
NH2 C O
O C C C N
NH3 O N
NH2 H H
35.2 Ammonia Urea Uric acid
Ammonia
 Animals that excrete nitrogenous
wastes as ammonia
 Need access to lots of water
 Release it across the whole body surface
or through the gills

35.2
Urea
 The liver of mammals and most adult
amphibians
 Converts ammonia to less toxic urea
 Urea is carried to the kidneys,
concentrated
 And excreted with a minimal loss of water

35.2
Uric Acid
 Insects, land snails, and many reptiles,
including birds
 Excrete uric acid as their major nitrogenous
waste
 Uric acid is largely insoluble in water
 And can be secreted as a paste with little
water loss

35.2
The Excretory System
 The Steps in Urine Production
 Filtration, pressure-filtering of body fluids
producing a filtrate
 Reabsorption, reclaiming valuable solutes from
the filtrate
 Secretion, addition of toxins and other solutes
from the body fluids to the filtrate
 Excretion, the filtrate leaves the system

35.3
 Most excretory systems produce urine by
refining a filtrate derived from body fluids

Capillary
1 Filtration. The excretory tubule collects a filtrate from the blood.
Water and solutes are forced by blood pressure across the
Excretory
selectively permeable membranes of a cluster of capillaries and
Filtrate
tubule
into the excretory tubule.

2 Reabsorption. The transport epithelium reclaims valuable substances


from the filtrate and returns them to the body fluids.

3 Secretion. Other substances, such as toxins and excess ions, are


extracted from body fluids and added to the contents of the excretory
tubule.
Urine

4 Excretion. The filtrate leaves the system and the body.

35.3
Structure and Function
The mammalian excretory system centers on
paired kidneys
 Which are also the principal site of water
balance and salt regulation

35.4
Anatomy
 Each kidney
 Is supplied with Posterior vena cava
blood by a renal
artery and Renal artery and vein

drained by a Aorta Kidney

renal vein Ureter

Urinary bladder

Urethra

(a) Excretory organs and major


associated blood vessels
35.4
 The mammalian kidney has two distinct
regions
 An outer renal cortex and an inner renal
medulla

Renal
medulla

Renal
cortex

Renal
pelvis

Ureter
Section of kidney from a rat
35.4
(b) Kidney structure
 The nephron is the functional unit of the
vertebrate kidney
 It consists of a single long tubule and a ball
Juxta-
of capillaries called the glomerulus
Cortical
medullary nephron
nephron Afferent
arteriole
from renal Glomerulus
artery
Bowman’s capsule
Renal
cortex Proximal tubule
Peritubular
capillaries

Collecting
SEM
duct 20 µm
Efferent Distal
Renal
arteriole from tubule
medulla
To glomerulus
renal
pelvis Branch of Collecting
renal vein duct
Descending
Loop limb
of
Ascending
Henle
limb

Vasa
(d) Filtrate and recta
(c) Nephron
35.5 blood flow
Filtration of the Blood
 Filtration occurs as blood pressure
 Forces fluid from the blood in the
glomerulus into the lumen of Bowman’s
capsule

35.5
Filtration of the Blood
 Filtration of small molecules is
nonselective
 And the filtrate in Bowman’s capsule is a
mixture that mirrors the concentration of
various solutes in the blood plasma

35.5
Pathway of the Filtrate
 From Bowman’s
capsule, the filtrate
passes through three
regions of the nephron
 The proximal tubule, the
loop of Henle, and the
distal tubule
 Fluid from several
nephrons flows into a
collecting duct

35.5
Blood Vessels Associated with
the Nephrons
 Each nephron is supplied with
blood by an afferent arteriole a
branch of the renal artery that
subdivides into the capillaries

 The capillaries converge as they


leave the glomerulus forming an
efferent arteriole

 The vessels subdivide again


forming the peritubular
capillaries, which surround the
proximal and distal tubules
35.5
From Blood Filtrate to Urine: A
Closer Look
1 Proximal tubule 4 Distal tubule
NaCl Nutrients H2O
HCO3− H2O K+ NaCl HCO3−

H+ NH3 K+ H+

CORTEX
Filtrate
2 Descending limb 3 Thick segment
H2O of loop of of ascending
Salts (NaCl and others) Henle limb
HCO3– NaCl
H2O
H+ OUTER NaCl
Urea MEDULLA
Glucose; amino acids 3 Thin segment 5 Collecting
Some drugs of ascending duct
limb
Key Urea
Active transport NaCl H2O
Passive transport INNER
MEDULLA

35.6
From Blood Filtrate to Urine: A
Closer Look
 Secretion and reabsorption in the proximal
tubule
 Substantially alter the volume and composition
of filtrate
 Reabsorption of water continues
 As the filtrate moves into the descending limb
of the loop of Henle

35.6
From Blood Filtrate to Urine: A
Closer Look
 As filtrate travels through the ascending limb of
the loop of Henle
 Salt diffuses out of the permeable tubule into the
interstitial fluid
 The distal tubule
 Plays a key role in regulating the K+ and NaCl
concentration of body fluids
 The collecting duct
 Carries the filtrate through the medulla to the renal
pelvis and reabsorbs NaCl
35.6
Water Conservation

 The mammalian kidney


 Can produce urine much more
concentrated than body fluids, thus
conserving water

35.7
Solute Gradients and Water
Conservation
 In a mammalian kidney, the
cooperative action and precise
arrangement of the loops of Henle and
the collecting ducts
 Are largely responsible for the osmotic
gradient that concentrates the urine

35.7
 Two solutes, NaCl and urea, contribute to the
osmolarity of the interstitial fluid which causes the
reabsorption of water in the kidney and concentrates
the urine
Osmolarity of
interstitial
fluid
300 (mosm/L)
300 100
300
100
300 300
CORTEX H2O NaCl H2O
Active
transport 400 200 400 400
H2O NaCl H2O
Passive
transport H2O NaCl H2O

OUTER H2O NaCl H2O


MEDULLA 600 400 600 600
H2O NaCl H2O
Urea
H2O NaCl H2O 900
900 700
Urea
INNER H2O NaCl H2O
MEDULLA Urea 1200
1200
35.7 1200
From Blood Filtrate to Urine: A
Closer Look
 The countercurrent multiplier system
involving the loop of Henle
 Maintains a high salt concentration in the
interior of the kidney, which enables the
kidney to form concentrated urine

35.7
From Blood Filtrate to Urine: A
Closer Look
 The collecting duct, permeable to water
but not salt
 Conducts the filtrate through the kidney’s
osmolarity gradient, and more water exits
the filtrate by osmosis

35.7
From Blood Filtrate to Urine: A
Closer Look
 Urea diffuses out of the collecting duct
 As it traverses the inner medulla
 Urea and NaCl
 Form the osmotic gradient that enables the
kidney to produce urine that is hyperosmotic to
the blood

35.7

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