!

Agenda
About WTO About WTO
Functions of WTO Functions of WTO
The WTO Structure The WTO Structure
Principles of WTO Principles of WTO
Objective of WTO Objective of WTO
Q & A Q & A
Key Subjects in WTO Key Subjects in WTO
WhaL ls Lhe W1C?
1be wotlJ 1toJe Otqoolzotloo (w1O)
ls tbe ooly lotetootloool otqoolzotloo Jeolloq wltb
tbe qlobol toles of ttoJe betweeo ootloos
lts molo fooctloo ls to eosote tbot ttoJe flows os
smootbly pteJlctobly ooJ fteely os posslble
@@
W 9edecesso of W1C
W 1he Ceneal AgeemenL on 1ade and 1aff (CA11) came nLo
exsLence n 1947
W lL soughL subsLanLal educLon n Laff and oLhe baes Lo
Lade and Lo elmnaLe dscmnaLo LeaLmenL n
nLenaLonal commece
W Cgnal nLenLon behnd Lhe CA11 was Lo ceaLe a Lhd
nsLLuLon Lo supese nLenaLonal Lade oLhe Lwo beng Lhe
Wold 8ank and lMl
W lnda sgnaLo Lo CA11 1947 along wLh LwenL Lwo oLhe counLes
W CA11 was noL an oganaLon buL was a mulLlaLeal LeaL L had no legal
sLaLus lL poded a plaLfom Lo Ls membe naLons Lo negoLaLe and enlage
Lhe Lade
World Trade Organization
Created by : Uruguay Round negotiations (1986-94) Created by : Uruguay Round negotiations (1986-94)
Membership :153 countries Membership :153 countries
2007 Secretariat Staff : 625 2007 Secretariat Staff : 625
Head : Director-General, Pascal Lamy Head : Director-General, Pascal Lamy
Established: 1 January 1995 Established: 1 January 1995
Location :- Geneva, Switzerland Location :- Geneva, Switzerland
C8!LC1lvLS Cl CA11
1he pr|mary ob[ect|ve of CA11 was Lo expand nLenaLonal
Lade b lbealng Lade Lo bng economc pospeL
W asng sLandad of lng of Lhe membe counLes
W Lnsung full emplomenL Lhough a sLead gowLh of
effecLe demand and eal ncome
W ueelopng opLmum uLlaLon of esouces of Lhe wold
W Lxpanson n poducLon exchange of goods and seces
on a global leel
@e agreement cons|sts of two ma|n temes
1) 1he ageemenL fomulaLed some egulaLons whch
wee Lo be obseed b Lhe membe counLes
2) 1he membe counLes wee Lo compl wLh Lhe
mosL faoed naLon (Mln) clause

DDCDA? CDnu
Held in September 1986 in Pantadel Este in Uruguay.
The major highlights were:
a) Expansion in the sphere oI activities Irom international
trade to services, investment and inIormation.
b) Liberalization oI trade in Agriculture and Textile goods.
c) Patents & Subsidies
d) TariII cut- Developing countries have to cut tariIIs by
24 over next 10 years while developed countries by
36 Ior 6 years.
Wh Lhee was need fo Lhe
esLablshmenL of W1C?
W lollowng Lhe Dugua ound AgeemenL
Lhe Ceneal AgeemenL on 1aff and 1ade
(CA11) was coneLed fom a posonal
ageemenL nLo a lomal CgansaLon known
Loda as Lhe Wold 1ade CgansaLon (W1C)
wLh effecL fom !anua 1 1993
W 1hee wee 128 membe counLes n 1993 whch
has nceased Lo 133 aL pesenL wLh lnda as one
of Lhe mpoLanL membe
W Accodng Lo Lhe cuenL sLaLus W1C now accounLs
fo abouL 97 pecenL of nLenaLonal Lade
In1CuDC1lCn
W 1he Wold 1ade CganaLon (W1C) deals wLh Lhe
ules of Lade beLween naLons aL a global o nea
global leel
W lL's an oganaLon fo lbealng Lade
W bove a|| |t's a negot|at|ng forum
W It's a set of ru|es
W nd |t e|ps to sett|e d|sputes
Time Line
W1C SLucLue
Ceneal councl
uspuLe
SeLLlemenL
8od(uS8)
1ade 9olc
eew 8ody
CommLL
ees/wok
ng
9aLes
Councl
fo Lade
n goods
Councl
fo 1l9S
Councl
fo 1ade
n seces
9lulaLea
ls
1ade
negoLaLo
ns
CommLLe
e
MnsLeal
confeence
Cb[ecLes of W1C
1) 1o ase Lhe sLandad of lng n membe
counLes b ensung full emplomenL and b
expandng poducLon and Lade n goods and
seces
2) 1o deelop an nLegaLed able and duable
mulLlaLeal Ladng ssLem
3) 1o pomoLe susLanable deelopmenL n membe
counLes b Lhe opLmal use of esouces
4) 1o help Lhe deelopng counLes Lo geL a shae n Lhe
gowLh n Lhe nLenaLonal Lade
3) 1o educe Laffs and oLhe Lade baes among membe
counLes and Lo elmnaLe dscmnaLo LeaLmenL n
nLenaLonal Lade elaLons
6) 1o nsue lnkages beLween Lade polces enonmenLal
polces and susLanable deelopmenL
luncLon of W1C
1he basc funcLons of W1C ae as follows
1) lL faclLaLes Lhe mplemenLaLon admnsLaLon and
opeaLon of Lhe Lade ageemenLs
2) lL podes Lhe foum fo fuLhe negoLaLons among
membe counLes on maLLes coeed b Lhe ageemenL
as well as Lhe new ssues fallng wLhn Ls mandaLe
3) lL s esponsble fo Lhe seLLlemenL of Lhe dffeences and
dspuLe among Ls membe counLes
4) lL s esponsble fo cang ouL peodc eews
of Lhe Lade polces of Ls membe counLes
3) lL asssLs deelopng counLes n Lade polces
ssues
Lhough Lechncal asssLance and Lanng
pogamme
6) lL encouages coopeaLon wLhn nLenaLonal
oganaLons
9lnCl9LS Cl 1AulnC
S?S1LM
W W|tout d|scr|m|nat|on gng counLes equall mosL
faoed naLon" o Mln sLaLus and L should noL
dscmnaLe beLween Ls own and foegn poducLs seces
o naLonals
W Ireer baes comng down Lhough negoLaLon
W red|ctab|e foegn companes nesLos and goenmenLs
should be confdenL LhaL Lade baes should noL be ased
abLal Laff aLes and makeLopenng commLmenLs ae
bound" n Lhe W1C
W More compet|t|ve dscouagng "unfa|r" pacLces such as
expoL subsdes and dumpng poducLs aL below cosL Lo gan
makeL shae
W More benef|c|a| for |ess deve|oped countr|es gng Lhem
moe Lme Lo ad[usL geaLe flexblL and specal pleges
uLvLC9lnC CCDn1lLS
W 1he W1C ageemenLs conLan specal posons
on deelopng counLes
W 1he CommLLee on 1ade and ueelopmenL s Lhe
man bod focusng on wok n Lhs aea n Lhe
W1C wLh some oLhes dealng wLh specfc
Lopcs such as Lade and debL and Lechnolog
Lansfe
W 1he W1C SeceLaaL podes Lechncal
asssLance (manl Lanng of aous knds) fo
deelopng counLes
W easLdeeloped counLes specal focus
1he W1C SeceLaaL
1he W1C SeceLaaL s locaLed n Cenea lL has aound 630 sLaff and s
headed b a decLogeneal lLs esponsblLes nclude
W AdmnsLaLe and Lechncal suppoL fo W1C delegaLe bodes (councls
commLLees wokng paLes negoLaLng goups) fo negoLaLons and Lhe
mplemenLaLon of ageemenLs
W 1echncal suppoL fo deelopng counLes and especall Lhe leasL
deeloped
W AsssLance fom legal sLaff n Lhe esoluLon of Lade dspuLes nolng
Lhe nLepeLaLon of W1C ules and pecedenLs
W uealng wLh accesson negoLaLons fo new membes and podng
adce Lo goenmenLs consdeng membeshp
uoha ound
W nC negoLaLons
W MnsLes e affmed Lhe need Lo conclude Lhe ound n 2010
W MnsLes wanL Lo fnsh uoha ound so LhaL Lhe ma
concenLaLe on ugenL ssues lke clmaLe change
W1he uoha ueelopmenL Agenda (uuA) launched aL Lhe fouLh W1C
MnsLeal Confeence n uoha CaLa n noembe 2001
W1he agenda adds negoLaLons and oLhe wok on nonagculLual Laffs
Lade and enonmenL W1C ules such as anLdumpng and subsdes
nesLmenL compeLLon polc Lade faclLaLon Lanspaenc n
goenmenL pocuemenL nLellecLual popeL and a ange of ssues
ased b deelopng counLes as dffculLes Lhe face n mplemenLng Lhe
pesenL W1C ageemenLs
Doa 2009
W1C ACLLMLn1S
W ACA (AgeemenL on AgculLue)
W SD8SlulLS
W An1luDM9lnC
W S9S (SanLa and 9hLosanLa Measues)
W 181 (1echncal baes Lo 1ade)
W 1l9s (1ade elaLed AspecLs of lnLellecLual 9opeL
ghLs)
W CA1S (Ceneal AgeemenL on 1ade Seces)
W 1Lx1lL Anu CC1PlnC
W CDS1CMS vADA1lCn
ACREENENT ON ACR!CULTURE (AOA)
AOA and the Agreement on Application on
Sanitary S Phytosanitary Neasures were
negotiated in parallel
Decisions on measures concerning the
possible negative effects of the reform
programme on least developed and net
food importing developing countries also
part of the package.
W@ o |ms at
W loir ond morket oriented trodinq system
W commitments on support ond protection
W Operotiono//y effective 6411 ku/es uiscip/ines
W quitob/e 1rode keform process
W 6reoter opportunities ond 1erms of 4ccess to deve/opinq
countries
W concern on Nontrode issues such os lood 5ecurity
environment heo/th etc
THREE NA!N ELENENTS OF THE
ACREENENT
Narket Access
Domestic Subsidies
Export Subsidies
!n addition, special concerns of developing
countries and net food importing countries are also
addressed
NARKET ACCESS
'ariffication
Reduction of 'ariffs
By a simple average of 36 over 6 years for
developed countries
By a simple average of 24 over 10 years for
developing countries
Ninimum Access
Not less than 3, rising to S by 2001 for
developed countries
Not less than 3, rising to S by 200S for
developing countries
ONEST!C SUPPORT
Aggregate Neasurement of Support (ANS)
Product Specific
NonProduct Specific
De Ninimis Provisions(level at which support is
regarded as having minimal effect are defined,for
developed countries,as support not exceeding than S
of the value of production of individual products of the
value of total agri.production)
'hree Categories of Domestic Support
Creen Box" Neasures
Blue Box" Neasures
Amber Box" Neasures
ONEST!C SUPPORT
W Creen Box measures include all publically
funded government programmes which do
not provide price support to producers.
For example, research, pest and disease
control, marketing and promotion
services, infrastructure, public stock
holding, payments under environment
programmes etc. 'hese measures are
considered least trade distorting and
hence are exempt from reduction.
ONEST!C
SUPPORT
Blue Box measures refer to direct payments
under production limiting programmes, which
are also not subject to reduction
commitments.
Amber Box measures include product specific
support as well as nonproduct specific
support extended to the farm sector. 'hese
are subject to reduction above the de
minimis level.
obslJles ooJ uomestlc oppott lollcles obslJles ooJ uomestlc oppott lollcles
1he D ageemenL deals wLh Lhee caLegoes of
subsdes
1) 9ohbLed subsdes Lhose conLngenL upon expoL
pefomance o Lhe use of domesLc nsLead of
mpoLed goods
2) AcLonable subsdes Lhose LhaL hae demonsLabl
adese effecLs on oLhe membe counLes
3) non acLonable subsdes ncludng Lhose poded
Lo ndusLal eseach and pocompeLLe
deelopmenL acLL Lo dsadanLaged egons o
Lo exsLng faclLes Lo adapL Lhemseles Lo new
enonmenLal equemenLs
Lxport subs|d|es ||m|ts on spend|ng Lxport subs|d|es ||m|ts on spend|ng
and quant|t|es and quant|t|es
W W 1he AgculLue AgeemenL pohbLs expoL 1he AgculLue AgeemenL pohbLs expoL
subsdes on agculLual poducLs unless Lhe subsdes on agculLual poducLs unless Lhe
subsdes ae specfed n a membe's lsLs of subsdes ae specfed n a membe's lsLs of
commLmenLs commLmenLs
W W Whee Lhe ae lsLed Lhe ageemenL eques Whee Lhe ae lsLed Lhe ageemenL eques
W1C membes Lo cuL boLh Lhe amounL of W1C membes Lo cuL boLh Lhe amounL of
mone Lhe spend on expoL subsdes and Lhe mone Lhe spend on expoL subsdes and Lhe
quanLLes of expoLs LhaL ecee subsdes quanLLes of expoLs LhaL ecee subsdes
Reduction commitments in Reduction commitments in
W1G W1G- -AoA AoA
Reduction commitments in Reduction commitments in
W1G W1G- -AoA AoA
AECO1IA1ED REDUC1IOA Implementation Period
Developed Countries
(1995-2)
Developing Countries
(1995-24)
Market Access
Average tariff cuts for all ag.products
Minimum tariff cuts per product
Domestic Support
1otal cuts in aggregate measurement of
support
Export Subsidies
Jalue cut
Jolume Cut
"
-3
-15
-2
-3
-21
"
-24
-1
-13
-24
-14
!N!A'S
CONN!TNENTS
Narket Access
No tariffication, ceiling bindings of
100 for primary commodities
1S0 for processed agricultural products
300 for edible oils
!N!A'S
CONN!TNENT
Domestic Support
Price Support for 13 products
ANS is negative by a large margin and below
De Ninimis
Export subsidy
!ndia does not have these.
No commitments
An1luDM9lnC
W WPA1 lS uDM9lnC"
Whee expoL pce s below nomal
domesLc pce
C
Whee excess unsalable domesLc good s
sold n foegn lands eg bal's suga n lnda
9CvlSlCn ACAlnS1 uDM9lnC
W ALcle vl of CA11 penales dumpng acLon of
a counL f L causes an maLeal n[u Lo an
esLablshed ndusL n membe counL
An1luDM9lnC 9CvlSlCnS
1 PCW 1C LS1A8lSP uDM9lnC
lf expoL pce of poducL s less Lhan
compaable pce n nomal couse
2 PCW 1C LS1A8lSP ln!D?
CoL nesLgaLos Lo look wheLhe Lhee s
sgnfcanL ncease n olume elaLe Lo
poducLon o consumpLon n mpoLng
counL
An1luDM9lnC 9CvlSlCnS
W 9CCLuDL lC lnvLS1lCA1lCnS uA1A
CCLC1lCn
1he dde handlng of anLdumpng cases
nLo sucesse sLages
1 lnesLgaLe pocess
2 lmposLon of anLdumpng
3 9ossble [udcal eew
4 lnal LemnaLon of duL
W stands for an|tary ytosan|tary Measures
Wat does te agreement says?
W The SPS Agreement under the WTO explicitly
recognizes the right of governments to take
measures to protect human, animal and plant
health.
W t seeks to lay down the minimum sanitary and
phyto- sanitary standards that the member countries
must achieve.
W The protection of fish and wild fauna, forests and
wild flora are included in this definition while the
protection of environment per se and animal welfare
are excluded
Measures
to protect from
human o anmal lfe sks asng fom addLes
conLamnanLs Loxns o dsease
causng ogansms n Lhe food
beeages feedsLuffs
human lfe planL o anmalcaed dseases
anmal o planL lfe pesLs dseases o dsease
causng ogansms
a counL damage caused b Lhe enL
esLablshmenL o spead of pesLs
#ights & ObIigations
W Countries have right to take SPS measures
necessary for the protection of human,
animal or plant life or health.
W To be applied only to the extent necessary Lo
poLecL lfe o healLh and noL be moe Lade
esLcLe Lhan equed
W Shall not arbitrarily or unjustifiably
discriminate between countries or act as
disguised restriction on international trade.
W be based on scenLfc pncples and noL
manLaned wLhouL suffcenL scenLfc edence
e feaLues
W Lhe use of nLenaLonal sLandads
(hamonsaLon)
W sk assessmenL
W Lanspaenc
W Lechncal asssLance fo deelopng counLes
W dspuLe seLLlemenL
armon|zat|on
W SLandadseLLng oganaLons
fooJ sofety
cOu\
oolmol beoltb
Ol
ploot beoltb
lllc
odex Io|nt I$W odex ||mentar|us omm|ss|on
IL Wor|d rgan|zat|on for n|ma| ea|t
I Internat|ona| |ant rotect|on onvent|on (I%
#isk Assessment
W Where relevant international standards do not exist or a
WTO Member country wishes to maintain a higher level
of protection than provided by an international standard,
Member countries must base their SPS measures on
scientific assessment of the risks.
W A risk assessment under the SPS Agreement must take
into account the risk assessment techniques developed
by the 'three sisters' (PPC, OE and Codex).
Transparency and SPS notifications
W First, the Agreement requires governments to publish all
of their SPS measures so that they can be known by
trading partners to ensure transparency in the
development and application of SPS measures
W Second, SPS 'notifications' are posted on the WTO
website to inform other WTO Member countries of
changes to SPS measures that may have a significant
effect on trade.
W A third transparency obligation is for each WTO Member
to establish an "enquiry point" with the responsibility of
providing information regarding SPS measures.
TechnicaI assistance for deveIoping
countries
W W1C Membes should asssL deelopng counLes
Lo ecee Lhe Lechncal asssLance Lhe ma need
Lo mplemenL Lhe S9S AgeemenL
W 1he asssLance ma Lake Lhe fom of Lanng
cedL donaLons eLc and can be poded eLhe
decLl b counLes o Lhough Lhe eleanL
nLenaLonal oganaLons
ispute settIement
W 1he W1C pocedues fo esolng Lade dspuLes
appl Lo dspuLes asng fom Lhe applcaLon of S9S
measues
ProbIems in impIementing SPS Provisions
Lack of adequate time to adapt to SPS measures and
adequate advance warning about the new measures
High cost of adaptation.
Unwillingness on the part of the developed countries to
accept equivalent measures of developing countries
Lack of adequate technical assistance to developing
countries particularly for infrastructure necessary for
ensuring quality testing standards
neffective participation in the activities of the
international standardizing bodies leading to standards
getting fixed by default
Areas Where India Faces ProbIems
W Peanuts, other nuts and milk- Level of aflatoxin presence
W Mangoes and Grapes- presence of certain flies
W Coffee- level of Ochratoxin
W Cereals and Cereal Products-presence of impurities
W Tobacco- level of DDT residue
W Pesticides residue problem in various products such as
Egg Products, grapes, gherkins, honey, meat and milk
products and tea and spices
181 ACLLMLn1 Cn 1LCPnlCA 8AlLS 1C
1AuL
W W 1echncal egulaLons and ndusLal sLandads ma 1echncal egulaLons and ndusLal sLandads ma
a fom counL Lo counL Pang Loo man a fom counL Lo counL Pang Loo man
dffeenL sLandads makes lfe dffculL fo poduces dffeenL sLandads makes lfe dffculL fo poduces
and expoLes and expoLes
W W 1he AgeemenL on 1echncal 8aes Lo 1ade (181) 1he AgeemenL on 1echncal 8aes Lo 1ade (181)
Les Lo ensue LhaL egulaLons sLandads LesLng Les Lo ensue LhaL egulaLons sLandads LesLng
and ceLfcaLon pocedues do noL ceaLe and ceLfcaLon pocedues do noL ceaLe
unnecessa obsLacles unnecessa obsLacles
181 measues
W 1he 181 AgeemenL defnes a Lechncal egulaLon as
a documenL whch las down poducL chaacLesLcs
o Lhe elaLed pocesses and poducLon meLhods
ncludng Lhe applcable admnsLaLe posons
wLh whch complance s mandaLo
W lL ma also nclude o deal exclusel wLh
Lemnolog smbols packagng makng o
labellng equemenLs as Lhe appl Lo a poducL
pocess o poducLon meLhod
W A sLandad s defned as a documenL appoed
b a ecogned bod LhaL podes fo
common and epeaLed use ules gudelnes
o chaacLesLcs fo poducLs o elaLed
pocesses and poducLon meLhods wLh
whch complance s noL mandaLo
W lL ma also nclude o deal exclusel wLh
Lemnolog smbols packagng makng o
labellng equemenLs as Lhe appl Lo a
poducL pocess o poducLon meLhod
W All poducLs ncludng loJosttlol and oqtlcoltotol
poducLs shall be sub[ecL Lo Lhe posons of Lhs
AgeemenL
ey Ieatures
W Cb[ecLe 9oLecLon of human safeL o healLh
9oLecLon of anmal and planL lfe o healLh
9oLecLon of Lhe enonmenL 9eenLon of
decepLe pacLces
W naLonal 1eaLmenL
W Shall noL ceaLe unnecessa obsLacles Lo
nLenaLonal Lade
W Shall noL be moe Lade esLcLe Lhan necessa
W As fa as possble nLenaLonal sLandads should be
used
Ma|n roducts ffected
Typc nf Cnsts fnr IndIan Prnduccr
DIrcct Cnsts
- InpIononlalion of Slandaids (lochnoIogy)
- Audiling of slandaids
- Tiaining & oducalion slaff
- Iood safoly/quaIily slaff
- Lxpoil hoaIlh coilificalo
IndIrcct cnsts
-QuaIily syslon
-Laloialoiy
-Mainlonanco of syslons
-RoIalionship nanagononl
RIsk
-Rojoclion of shipnonl
-Dininishod chanco of oxpoil duo lo piolIons vilh a counliy
HIddcn cnsts
-TiiaI & oiioi
-Lack of innovalion
-Loss duiing lianspoil
uffeence beLween S9S and 181
W measures Lpcall deal wLh
W addLes n food o dnk
W conLamnanLs n food o dnk
W Loxc subsLances n food o dnk
W esdues of eLena dugs o pesLcdes n food o dnk
W ceLfcaLon food safeL anmal o planL healLh
W pocessng meLhods wLh mplcaLons fo food safeL
W labellng equemenLs decLl elaLed Lo food safeL
W planL/anmal quaanLne
W declang aeas fee fom pesLs o dsease
W peenLng dsease o pesLs speadng Lo o n a counL
W oLhe sanLa equemenLs fo mpoLs (eg mpoLed palleLs used Lo
LanspoL anmals)
W @8@ measures Lpcall deal wLh
W labellng of composLon o qualL of food dnk and dugs
W qualL equemenLs fo fesh food
W olume shape and appeaance of packagng
W packagng and labellng fo dangeous chemcals and Loxc
subsLances pesLcdes and feLle
W egulaLons fo elecLcal applances
W egulaLons fo codless phones ado equpmenL eLc
W LexLles and gamenLs labellng
W LesLng ehcles and accessoes
W egulaLons fo shps and shp equpmenL
W safeL egulaLons fo Los
greement on @rade greement on @rade ke|ated spects of ke|ated spects of
Inte||ectua| roperty k|gts (@kI% Inte||ectua| roperty k|gts (@kI%
The The WTO`s WTO`s Agreement Agreement on on Trade Trade- -Related Related Aspects Aspects of of
Intellectual Intellectual Property Property Rights Rights (TRIPS), (TRIPS), introduced introduced
intellectual intellectual property property rules rules into into the the multilateral multilateral trading trading
system system Ior Ior the the Iirst Iirst time time in in the the 1986 1986- -94 94 Uruguay Uruguay Round, Round,
W WPRs have been characterized as a composite oI 'ideas, PRs have been characterized as a composite oI 'ideas,
inventions and creative expressions plus the 'public inventions and creative expressions plus the 'public
willingness to bestow the status oI property on them willingness to bestow the status oI property on them
and give their owners the right to exclude others Irom and give their owners the right to exclude others Irom
access to or use oI protected subject matter. access to or use oI protected subject matter.
The agreement covers Iive broad issues: The agreement covers Iive broad issues:
W W how basic principles oI the trading system and other how basic principles oI the trading system and other
international intellectual property agreements should international intellectual property agreements should
be applied be applied
W W how to give adequate protection to intellectual how to give adequate protection to intellectual
property rights property rights
W W how countries should enIorce those rights adequately how countries should enIorce those rights adequately
in their own territories in their own territories
W W how to settle disputes on intellectual property how to settle disputes on intellectual property
between members oI the WTO between members oI the WTO
W W special transitional arrangements during the period special transitional arrangements during the period
when the new system is being introduced. when the new system is being introduced.
The UR Agreement on TRPs covers seven Ps, viz., The UR Agreement on TRPs covers seven Ps, viz.,
1) Copyright and related rights 1) Copyright and related rights
2) Trademark 2) Trademark
3) Geographical indications 3) Geographical indications
4) ndustrial designs 4) ndustrial designs
5) Layout designs (typographies) oI integrated circuits 5) Layout designs (typographies) oI integrated circuits
6) Undisclosed inIormation, including the trade secrets 6) Undisclosed inIormation, including the trade secrets
opyr|gt opyr|gt
W W opyright opyright is is the the set set oI oI exclusive exclusive rights rights granted granted to to the the
author author or or creator creator oI oI an an original original work, work, including including the the
right right to to copy, copy, distribute distribute and and adapt adapt the the work work..
Copyright Copyright lasts lasts Ior Ior aa certain certain time time period period aIter aIter which which
the the work work is is said said to to enter enter the the public public domain domain..
W W The The inds inds of of wors wors covered covered by by copyright copyright include include ::
literary literary works works such such as as novels, novels, poems, poems, plays, plays, reIerence reIerence
works, works, newspapers newspapers and and computer computer programs programs;;
databases databases;; Iilms, Iilms, musical musical compositions, compositions, and and
choreography choreography;; artistic artistic works works such such as as paintings, paintings,
drawings, drawings, photographs photographs and and sculpture sculpture;; architecture architecture;;
and and advertisements, advertisements, maps maps and and technical technical drawings drawings..
@rademarks @rademarks
W W A A trademar trademar or or trade trade mar mar is is aa distinctive distinctive sign sign or or
indicator indicator used used by by an an individual, individual, business business
organization, organization, or or other other legal legal entity entity to to identiIy identiIy that that the the
products products or or services services to to consumers consumers with with which which the the
trademark trademark appears appears originate originate Irom Irom aa unique unique source, source,
and and to to distinguish distinguish its its products products or or services services Irom Irom those those
oI oI other other entities entities..
W W The The agreement agreement deIines deIines what what types types oI oI signs signs must must be be
eligible eligible Ior Ior protection protection as as trademarks trademarks.. t t says says that that
service service marks marks must must be be protected protected in in the the same same way way as as
trademarks trademarks used used Ior Ior goods goods..
Ceogaphcal ndcaLons Ceogaphcal ndcaLons
W A geographical indication (GI) is a name or sign
used on certain products which corresponds to a
speciIic geographical location or origin (e.g. a town,
region, or country).
W The use oI a G may act as a certiIication that the
product possesses certain qualities, or enjoys a certain
reputation, due to its geographical origin.
W More importantly, it identiIies the product`s special
characteristics, which are the result oI the product`s
origins.
Lxamp|es of poss|b|e Ind|an eograp|ca|
Ind|cat|ons
W 8asmaL ce
W ua[eelng 1ea
W anchpuam Slk Saee
W Alphanso Mango
W nagpu Cange
W olhapu Chappal
W 8kane 8hu[a
W Aga 9eLha
W Coa len
Industr|a| des|gns Industr|a| des|gns
W An Industrial design right protects the visual design
oI objects that are not purely utilitarian.
W An industrial design consists oI the creation oI a
shape, conIiguration or composition oI pattern or
color, or combination oI pattern and color in two or
three dimensional Iorm containing aesthetic value.
W Under the TRPS Agreement, industrial designs must
be protected Ior at least 10 years.
W Owners oI protected designs must be able to prevent
the manuIacture, sale or importation oI articles
bearing or embodying a design which is a copy oI the
protected design.
atents atents
W A patent is a set oI exclusive rights granted by a
state (national government) to an inventor or their
assignee Ior a limited period oI time in exchange Ior a
public disclosure oI an invention.
W The agreement says patent protection must be
available Ior inventions Ior at least 20 years.
W Patent protection must be available Ior both products
and processes, in almost all Iields oI technology.
aouL desgns (Lpogaphes) of nLegaLed ccuLs aouL desgns (Lpogaphes) of nLegaLed ccuLs
A layout design or mas wor is a two or three-
dimensional layout or topography oI an integrated
circuit (C or "chip"), i.e. the arrangement on a chip
oI semiconductor devices such as transistors and
passive electronic components such as resistors and
interconnections.
Dnd|sc|osed |nformat|on |nc|ud|ng trade secrets Dnd|sc|osed |nformat|on |nc|ud|ng trade secrets
W A trade secret is a Iormula, practice, process, design,
instrument, pattern, or compilation oI inIormation
which is not generally known or reasonably
ascertainable, by which a business can obtain an
economic advantage over competitors or customers.
W n some jurisdictions, such secrets are reIerred to as
"conIidential inIormation" or "classiIied
inIormation".
W lL has manl mplcaLons on Lwo secLos of
lnda
I!.!'.!I.l I`!!`
.!Il!!
lmplcaLons on 9hamaceuLcal
lndusL
lndan scenao befoe 1l9S
W lndan phamaceuLcal ndusL anks e hgh n Lhe
Lhd wold n Lems of Lechnolog qualL and ange
of genecs manufacLued
W uue Lo lndan 9aLenL AcL 1970 LhaL abolshed poducL
paLenLs and allowed onl pocess paLenLs
W ess Lhan 2 pe cenL of ndusL sales spenL on
eseach and deelopmenL (u) a few eas ago
Challenges
W 1l9S would sLke aL Lhe ndusLs ablL Lo
engage n a susLanable deelopmenL n self elanL
wa
W As companes ma hae Lo ncease Lhe u
spendng and allocaLons Lo almosL double lL s
feaed LhaL a numbe of medum and small phama
companes ae foced Lo pull down Lhe shuLLes
W Companes whch do noL hae enough u
compeLence and oenLaLon and who wanL Lo
be n Lhe ace and sue ma be foced Lo go
n fo meges [onL enLues eLc
W 9ces of basc dugs wll se and onl 10 of
lndan populaLon wll hae access Lo moden
dugs So L s opned LhaL 1l9S n facL olaLes Lhe
human ghLs
CppoLunLes
W lL s pedcaLed LhaL b 1 !anua 2003 dugs woLh
aound DS $ 30 bllon would be gong off Lhe paLenL
1hs would mean a e good oppoLunL fo Lhe
ndusL Lo sell fomulaLons and bulk dugs Lhough
ouL Lhe wold
W CuL soucng b MnCs n aeas of bulk dugs
fomulaLons fo paLenLed and offpaLenL poducLs
1hs would mean seous sLaLegc allances and
bngng n of foegn exchange
W lndan phama could also be an mpoLanL soucng
plaLfoms well as conLacL manufacLung fo man
mulLnaLonal n new dug eseach
W now leadng lndan fms can noL onl seL
eseach lab of global sLandads buL also b
nceasng Lhe u expendLue can ncease
nnoaLe acLL sgnfcanLl
W 1hs n Lun wll enhance Ls expoL
compeLLeness noL onl n Lhd Wold buL
also n DS and Luopean makeLs as well
W Cnce a new poducL s deeloped Lhe nenLo
would secue monopolsLc ghLs of
poducLon and makeLng fo a peod of 20
eas whch s e subsLanLal
1l9S and AgculLue
1he 1l9S AgeemenL of Lhe W1C ncludes
Lhee Lems elaLed Lo agculLue
W Ceogaphcal ndcaLons
W 9aLenL poLecLon of agculLual chemcal
poducLs
W 9lanL vaeL 9oLecLon (9v9)
9lanL vaeL 9oLecLon (9v9)
W 9aLenLs and 9lanL vaeL 9oLecLon (9v9) ae Lwo
dffeenL foms of l9s 8oLh pode excluse
monopol ghLs oe Lhe ceaLon (such as new planL
aeL) fo commecal puposes oe a peod of
Lme
W 9v9 podes paLenL lke ghLs Lo planL beedes ln
Lhs case s Lhe geneLc makeup of a specfc planL
aeL geLs poLecLed
W The criteria Ior protection are: novelty, distinctness,
uniIormity and stability.
W PVP laws can provide some exemptions Ior breeders,
allowing them to use protected varieties Ior Iurther
breeding, and Ior Iarmers, allowing them to save
seeds Irom their harvest.
su genes ssLem
W The sui generis system is a milder/diluted Iorm oI a
patent and it provides a Iramework oI plant breeders
rights (PBR) through which protection is accorded to
the breeders, researchers and Iarmers with regard to
use and exchange oI seeds and plant genetic material.
W Crucially, this Iramework has two important clauses
viz., "Farmers' Privilege" and "Researchers' Rights".
W The (PVP) legislation will give PBR legal
status/statutory rights in the country.
1he ecenL legslaLe aLLempLs hae been
sLaLed Lo become 1l9S complanL b Lhe
lndan CoenmenL
W 9aLenL AmendmenL AcL 2003
W 9oLecLon of 9lanL vaeLes and lames'
ghLs AcL 2002
W Ceogaphcal lndcaLons of Coods
(egsLaLon 9oLecLon) AcL 1999
W Seed AcL 2004
lmpacL on AgculLue secLo
W 1l9S s a cleal anLdeelopng counL LeaL lLs
posons seousl LheaLen self elance n
agculLue and Lhe lelhoods of fames b seekng
Lo esLablsh a monopol fo Lhe fe Scence
CopoaLons on seed poducLon and sale
W 1l9S does noL allow fo Lhe execse of naLonal
soeegnL oe bodesL because L oblges
counLes Lo enacL nLellecLual popeL ghLs on
planL aeLes whch ae a paL of bodesL
W 1l9S does noL conLan an elemenLs of equL o
benefL shang
W lL does noL allow counLes Lo clam a shae of
benefLs fom companes who beed new aeLes
usng fames aeLes as Lhe base snce Lhee s no
poson equng dsclosue of Lhe counL of ogn
fom whee base maLeals hae been Laken
W 1l9S does noL eque uses of bodesL lke
LadLonal planL aeLes and land aces Lo fulfl
access oblgaLons lL Lheefoe faclLaLes bopac
especLng neLhe Lhe owneshp of communLes
oe boesouces no Lhe ndgenous knowledge
LhaL goes nLo manLanng and efnng bologcal
esouces
W 8 mplemenLng su genes ssLem Lhee wll be
exacebaLed geneLc eoson lmLed Lhe gowLh of
eseach and fames wll be huL economcall
W lL nLoduces legal and economc esLcLons on
fames' lelhood pacLces lames' ghLs ae
educed b law Lo a mee exempLon whch wll be
sub[ecL Lo complance of Lhe seed compan
W lames ae esponsble fo 8090 of Lhe seed
suppl n Lhe counLes of Lhe SouLh lke lnda Lhs
wll massel shfL Lo paLe conLol unde planL
aeL ghLs egmes
W Corporations are actively pursuing more powerIul
means such as contract law governing purchase
agreements, 'terminator type sterile seed
technologies and hybridisation to prevent Iarmers
Irom saving seed out oI their harvests Ior another
planting.
W By allowing companies to collect royalties on seed
sales, sui generis stimulates the corporate take-over oI
plant breeding which means Iewer actors supplying
the market.
Ceneal ageemenL on Lade n
seces
CA1S
W CA1S has been modeled wLh a ew Lo
emoe all baes Lo Lade n seces
W lL s Lhe fsL and onl seL of nLenaLonal ules
goenng Lhe nLenaLonal Lade n seces
W CA1S ules n geneal appl Lo all secLos
excepL seces suppled n execse of goL
auLhoL" e neLhe suppled on commecal
bass no n compeLLon
CA1S
W 1he ageemenL n all has sx paLs
W 9aL l scope and defnLon
W 9aL ll geneal oblgaLons
W 9aL lll ules goenng specfc commLmenLs
W 9aL lv fuLue negoLaLons
W 9aL v 9aL vl nsLLuLonal and fnancal
posons
CA1S
W Iour modes of supp|y def|ne ow serv|ce |s
de||vered
W M1coss bode 8oLh sece pode
consume ae n dff counL eg 8usness
pocess ouLsoucng(89C) sece pode n
lnulA asssLs clenLs n DSA
W M2 ConsumpLon aboad eg 8Lsh LousL
sLas n lnda and consumes hospLalL
sece
CA1S
W M3 Commecal pesence Sece poded
b an opeaLo based aboad Lo consumes n
LhaL counL eg DS bank n lnda
W M4 MoemenL of naLual peson e sklled
pesons gong aboad fo wok eg sofLwae
engnees gong aboad
CA1S
W enera| ob||gat|ons and d|sc|p||nes
W MosL faoed naLon LeaLmenL(mfn)
All counLes geL equal LeaLmenL
Lxempt|on ||sts
sLs ae goened b condLons seL ouL n
sepaaLe annex Lo CA1S nonMln LeaLmenL
can onl be meL Lhough Lhe W1C wae
o
W ;ua||f|cat|onstandardsL|cens|ng 8arr|ers
1o ensue LhaL measues elaLng Lo
qualfcaLon equemenLs and pocedues
Lechncal sLandads and lcensng
equemenLs do noL obsLucL Lade flow Lhe
councl fo Lade n seces wll seek
fomulaLon of necessa dscplnes 1hese ae
based on compeLenc and ablL Lo suppl Lhe
sece
CA1S
W pec|f|c comm|tments |n scedu|e
MakeL access pohbLed measues
lmLaLon on no of sece pode
lmLaLon on alue of seces
ll naLonal LeaLmenL
Lach membe shall ge no less fao Lo
foegn plaes as L ge Lo domesLc plaes
CA1S
W 8kkILk IN LkVIL L@k @kDL
W ;uant|tat|ve restr|ct|onsaplled Lo sece
pode eg blaLeal ageemenL egulaLng
nLenaLonal a LanspoL
W 9ce based nsLumenL e enL o exL Laxes
W censng o ceLfcaLon equemenL
W CoL polces 8aes on foegn plaes
CA1S
W Weakness |n @
W equesL and offe each counL daws a wsh
lsL as Lo whaL knd of makeL access L wanLs
eg lnda wanLs access n healLh and
educaLon seces Lhen Lhe hosL counL ges
offe lsL e whaL knd of acess L wll pode
W 8uL Lhs has a poblem
W lee de poblem oLhe counLes geL
benefL of one counLes negoLaLons(Mln)
CA1S
W Man lmplcaLon
W SecuL of access Lo foegn makeL
1 ghL of expoLe 1he hae ghL Lo expecL
LhaL esLcLons on foegn supples wll noL be
moe Lhan Lems and condLons gen n
counLes schedule
2 ghL of Lhe mpoLes ghL Lo expecL LhaL
domesLc sece ndusL wll be pemLLed Lo
enLe nLo [onL enLue f Lhe condLons n
schedule of commLmenLs ae compled wLh
ACLLMLn1 Cn 1Lx1lL Anu
CC1PlnC
ACLLMLn1 Cn 1Lx1lL Anu
CC1PlnC
W 2 ma|n agreements
W MDL@I II8kL kLLMLN@came nLo foce n
1974
W lL s a famewok fo blaLeal ageemenL LhaL
poposes quoLa lmLs on mpoLs nLo counL
whose domesLc ndusL face seous poblem
fom apdl nceasng mpoLs
W ln Lhs case L mposed esLcLons on
deelopng counLes expoLs Lo deeloped
counLes
ACLLMLn1 Cn 1Lx1lL Anu
CC1PlnC
W greement on text||e and c|ot|ng(@%
W lL came nLo foce n 1993 and exped on [an
2003 lL was a bluepnL fo emoal of
esLcLons on LexLle expoLs manl fom
deeloped counLes
W lL was Lo be mplemenLed n 4 phases AL Lhe
end of 4
Lh
phase all poducLs of LexLle and
cloLhng would be goened unde CA11
pncples
ACLLMLn1 Cn 1Lx1lL Anu
CC1PlnC
W 1
sL
phase aL Lhe end aL leasL 16 of all
poducL unde LexLle and cloLhng expoLs Lo
be ncluded unde CA11
W 2
nd
phase addLonal 17 Lo be added
W 3
d
phase add 18 Lo be added
W 4
Lh
phase 49 max
ACLLMLn1 Cn 1Lx1lL Anu
CC1PlnC
W IMLI@IN
W ueeloped counLes followed double sLandads fo
lndan LexLle ndusL Lhe followed poLecLonsm
polc fo Lhe ndusL Lo poLecL L fom ou ndusL
W DS een used excuse of chld labo Lo ban some LexLle
expoL Lems
greement on text||e and c|ot|ng(@ ) has
feed lnda fom ma[o quanLLaLe esLcLons L faced
fom DSA LD CAnAuA
W 8uL lnda wll now face sLff compeLLon fom chna
oea 1awan Pong kong
AgeemenL on cusLom aluaLon
AgeemenL on cusLom aluaLon
W value defnLon n Lade ?
W lL depends on peson concened bue o
selle(conLoecal sub[ecL)
W ln AgeemenL on cusLom aluaLon L s
defned as Lhe pce aL whch Lhe conLacL s
concluded b/w 2 paLes no beang of
pealng makeL pce
AgeemenL on cusLom aluaLon
W CA11 aLcle vll deLemnes how cusLom
offcals should alue mpoLed goods and Lhus
appl appopaLe cusLom duL and Laxes
W It proposes 6 va|uat|on metods
W 1ansacLon alue base cusLom alue on Lhe
pce acLuall pad fo goods when sold (WLh
ceLan ad[usLmenLs)
AgeemenL on cusLom aluaLon
W @ransact|on va|ue of |dent|ca| goods hee
LansacLon pce s noL used buL pce of
denLcal goods s used
W @ransact|on va|ue of s|m||ar goods n Lhs
case on smla goods
W Deduct|ve va|ue n counL of mpoL
commsson LanspoL cosL eLc s ad[usLed
W omputed va|ueaddng pofL expenses
LanspoL Lo cosL of maLeals fabcaLon and
pocessng cosLs of poducLon
AgeemenL on cusLom aluaLon
W lallback meLhod
lf no oLhe meLhod can be appled Lhen Lhs s
used ALcle vll of CA11 sLaLes use
easonable means conssLenL wLh" e
abLa o fcLLous alues noL allowed
AgeemenL on cusLom aluaLon
W Imp||cat|ons
W MakeLng mplcaLons Assuance LhaL alue
declaed b mpoLe wll be consdeed as bass fo
deLemnng Ls alue
W ghL of mpoLes
1) 1o expecL LhaL Lhe wll be consulLed aL all sLages
2) 1o [usLf declaed alue whee cusLom expess
doubL
3) 1o eque Lhe cusLom auLhoLes Lo ge n wLng
eason fo e[ecLng declaed alue
AgeemenL on safeguads
Safeguad s Lhe safeL ale whch pemLs
emegenc acLon Lo be Laken agansL mpoLs
of a paLcula poducL when Lhee s a sudden
ncease n mpoLs whch causes seous n[u
(a sgnfcanL oeall mpamenL n Lhe posLon
of ndusL and eques Lhe auLhoL Lo
ealuaLe all eleanL facLos hang a beang on
Lhe sLuaLon of LhaL ndusL) Lo domesLc
poduces of compeLng poducLs
ApplcaLon of safeguad measues
W CuanLLaLe esLcLons as safeguad measues Lhe
olume of mpoL cannoL be less Lhan aeage fo Lhe pasL 3 s CuoLas
hae Lo be allocaLed beLween Lhe counLes wLh pncpal supplng
nLeesL eLhe on Lhe bass of muLual ageemenL o on sLengLh of pasL
shae
W 9osonal safeguad measues SM can be appled
posonall n cLcal ccumsLances whee dela would cause damage
whch L would be dffculL Lo epa
W uuaLon of safeguad measues Lhe sLd lmL on
duaLon s 4 s whch ma be exLended Lo a maxmum of 8
s ueelopng counLes hae 2 longe duaLon Lhan
deeloped counLes
ompensat|on
An safeguad acLon had Lo be pad fo" n Lhe fsL nsLance
Lhough negoLaLed compensaLon lf no ageemenL was eached
Lhe expoLes affecLed b Lhe measue wee fee Lo eLalaLe b
suspendng concessons subsLanLall equalenL Lo Lhe measue
rey rea Measure
lo Lhe fuLue Lhee s an absoluLe ban on an olunLa expoL
esLanLs odel makeLng aangemenLs on an oLhe smla
measues unlaLeal blaLeal o plulaLeal on Lhe expoL o
mpoL sde CAM n exsLence when Lhe W1C came nLo foce
musL be boughL nLo confomL wLh Lhe ageemenL on safeguads
o emoed accodng Lo a noLfed LmeLable endng noL laLe Lhan
31 decembe 1998
9LSPl9MLn1 lnS9LC1lCn
W uepuLng paLe companes Lo nspecL consgnmenLs wLh a
ew Lo ensue LhaL conLacLual oblgaLons hae been fulflled
befoe consgnmenLs ae shpped
W AbouL 40 CoLs Dse 9Sl companes of whch 33 ae W1C
membes
W 1hese companes ae conLacLed Lo examne and epoL on
Lhe quanLL qualL and unL pces of expoLs befoe
shpmenL AddLonal seces nclude efcaLon of ogn
monLong and conLol of Laff exempLons eLc
W MosL of Lhe ageemenL posons ca oblgaLons (non
dscmnaLon Lanspaenc poLecLon of confdenLal busness nfo
aodance of uneasonable delause of specfc gudelnes fo conducLng
pce efcaLon and Lhe aodance of conflcLs of nLeesL b 9Sl agences)
fo use membes who ae expecLed Lo ensue fulfllmenL of
Lhe oblgaLons Lhough Lhe conLacLual ageemenLs wLh Lhe
nspecLon agences
W 1he oblgaLon of expoLng membes Lowads 9Sl uses
nclude dscmnaLon n Lhe applcaLon of domesLc laws and
egulaLons and Lhe poson of Lechncal asssLance whee
equed
W LxpoLes concen ase fom Lhe feas LhaL 9l can block Lade
b nceasng Lhe cosLs and causng delas LxpoLes also
ew Lhe mposed changes n aluaLon as an nLefeence n
Lhe conLacL beLween bue and selle
W 1he sensLe ponL of 9l s LhaL L s caed ouL n Lhe
expoLng counL on behalf of Lhe mpoLng counL
W 1he am of 9l s Lo esLablsh a famewok of ghLs and
oblgaLons based on nondscmnaLon and Lanspaenc
LhaL podes gudelnes fo Lhe use of nspecLon fms b
CoLs
kLLMLN@ N kDLL I kIIN
W 8ased on Lhe gudng pncple whch sLaLes LhaL ules
of ogn should be ob[ecLe pedcLable coheenL
and based on posLe sLandads and LhaL Lhe
ognaLng sLaLus of a paLcula good should be
eLhe Lhe counL whee L has been wholl obLaned
o when moe Lhan one counL has been concened
n Lhe poducLon Lhe counL whee Lhe lasL
subsLanLal LansfomaLon was caed ouL
ules of ogn
W 9aLenL
W SLances
W 1he fnal esoluLon
W CuenL sLaLus of PamonaLon wok
pogamme
INIkM@IN @LNL kLLMLN@
W l1A sLpulaLes Laff educLon aL 4 sLages fo 6
man poducL caLegoes
o CompuLes
o 1elecom equpmenL
o SemcondusLos
o SemconducLo manufacLung equpmenL
o SofLwae and
o ScenLfc nsLumenLs
l1A ll 1alks
W 1he commLLee of paLcpanLs of Lade n l1 poducLs ageed
Lo esume negoLaLons on expandng Lhe coeage of W1C
l1A n Lhe week of 22 feb1999
W 9aLcpanLs suppoLng Lhe l1A ll poposal wee AusLala
Canada Cech epublc !apan and few oLhes
W 1he uged Lhe apd compleLon of l1A ll wok so LhaL Lhe
commLLee could moe ahead on oLhe aspecLs ncludng non
Laff measues on l1 poducLs
W Seeal paLcpanLs sgnalled Lhe would need an exLended
Lme peod fo elmnaLng Laffs on ceLan poposed
poducLs
W 1he commLLee wll conLnue Ls effoLs Lo ensue LhaL LhaL
nonLaff measues wll noL mpede Lhe fee flow of l1
poducLs
W 1he commLLee wll conLnue consulLaLons egadng
degences n classfng l1 poducLs noLng wok alead
undeLaken on semconducLo manufacLung and LesLng
equpmenL eLc
W lL noLed LhaL paLcpanLs hae undeLaken consulLaLons
egadng mplemenLaLon
DID@L L@@LLMLN@
W 1he dspuLe seLLlemenL ssLem s desgned Lo pode secuL
and pedcLablL Lo Lhe mulLlaLeal Ladng ssLem lL sees
Lo pesee as well as claf ghLs and oblgaLons unde Lhe
ageemenLs
W 1he oLhe man elemenLs of Lhe dspuLe seLLlemenL pncple
ae
o 9ompL seLLlemenL
o 8alancng of ghLs and oblgaLons
o Cb[ecLe of saLsfacLo seLLlemenL
o equesLs fo consulLaLons and dspuLe seLLlemenL pocedues
ae noL n Lhemseles a maLLe of conLenLon
W 1hee ae 3 possble ouLcomes of Lhe dspuLe seLLlemenL
pocess
o WLhdawl of Lhe measue olaLon of W1C
o ConLnuaLon of Lhe measue wLh compensaLon fo Lhe loss
suffeed b affecLed counL
o ConLnuaLon of Lhe measue wLh eLalaLon b Lhe affecLed
counL Lo make good Lhe loss suffeed b Lhe affecLed
counL ae also specal Lo Lhe deelopng counLes
Man elemenLs
W uspuLe seLLlemenL bod
W eLalaLon n dspuLe seLLlemenL
W AbLaLon good offces conclaLon and
medaLon
W nonolaLon complanLs
W Specal aangemenLs unde SCM and A1C
W Specal poson fo deelopng counLes
W eew of dspuLe seLLlemenL
ulS9D1L SL11LMLn1 9CCLSS
W 1he 9anel 9ocess ConsulLaLon
W AdopLon Cf Lhe epoL
1hanks