Anatomy and Physiology

Chapter 6: The Skeletal System BONES AND JOINTS

Section 1 Pages 112-120

Function of Skeletal System

Connective Tissue General Features of Bone Bone Fractures

Functions of the Skeletal System

Bone: the most rigid component of the

skeletal system

Support for tissue and shape Protection for organs

Lever system for movement with muscles

Mineral Storage used by tissues when

needed bones

Blood Cells produced in marrow of many

Functions of the Skeletal System

Cartilage: somewhat rigid but more flexible than

bone

Bone Growth Model: Major site of skeletal

growth in the embryo, fetus, and child

Smooth Joint Surfaces: Covers bones with

joints to provide cushion between other bones

Support system for nose, external ears, ribs,

trachea

Functions of the Skeletal System

Tendons and Ligaments are bands of

fibrous connective tissues.

Tendons: attach muscles to bones TMB Ligaments: attach bones to bones LBB

Connective Tissue
Bones, Cartilage, Tendons, Ligaments
Consist of extracellular matrix Varying amounts of Molecules in Extracellular Matrix:
Collagentough ropelike protein -Makes cartilage tough Proteoglycanlarge molecules consisting of polysaccharides attached to core proteins -Water-filled: make it smooth and resilient This make cartilage rigid but springs back into shape and a great shock absorber

Water, Minerals, Organic Moelucles

All determine the characteristics of the connective tissue

Bone is made of mineral + organic (mainly collagen) components

Treated with hydrochloric acid to dissolve mineral leaves collagen component intact

Treated with bleach (hypochlorite) to digest collagen leaves mineral component intact

General Features of Bone

4 types based on shape: Long, Short, Flat, Irregular
longer than they are wide Upper and lower limb bones

Long Bones

As broad as they are long Wrist and ankle

Short Bones

Thin, flattened shape Skull bones, ribs, scapulae (shoulder blades), sternum

Flat Bones

Shapes that do not fit readily into the other three categories Vertebrate and facial bones

Irregular Bones

More Bone Chilling Information

Long bones have a central shaft called the diaphysis (di-af-I-sis) Two ends called epiphysis (e-pif-I-sis) Thin layer of articular cartilage covers the ends of the epiphyses where the bone articulates with other bones Long bone that is still growing has an epiphyseal plate or growth plate made of cartilage When bone growth stops, the cartilage of each epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone and is called an epiphyseal line

Bone have large and small cavities

Medullary cavity in diaphysis Spaces filled with marrow: the soft tissue in the medullary cavities of the bone Yellow marrow: made of fat Red Marrow: consists of blood forming cells and is the only site of blood formation in adults

Children have more red marrow than adults As a person ages red is replaced with yellow marrow

Outer Surface of Bone

Covered by dense connective tissues called periosteum which contains blood vessels and nerves
Surface of Medullary Cavity lined with thinner connective tissue called endosteum Periostem and endosteum contain osteoblasts help with:

formation of bone, repair, and remodeling

Bone is formed in thin sheets of extracellular matrix called lamellae

Lamellae have bone cells called osteocytes Osteocytes located in spaces called lacunae Tiny canals that extend from osteocytes across extracellular matrix of lamellae with tiny canals are called canaliculi

2 major types of bone based on histological structure

Compact Bone Consists of osteons Osteons consist of osteocytes organized into lamellae surrounding central canalsHaversian Canal

Cancellous Bone Forms the center of all other bones Consists of interconnecting rod or plates of bone called trabeculae, which resemble beams or scaffolding of buildings No central canals

Compact bone and bone marrow region

Compact bone and bone marrow cavity (lacuna). The bone marrow consists of packed hemopoetic cells, reticular cells and adipose cells. They occupy all the extravascular spaces around an extensive system of channels called venous sinuses (yellow). Blood cells develop outside of the extravascular system and must pass through the walls of the sinuses to enter the circulation system. The renewal of all types of blood cells is necessitated by their relatively short lifespan. The common stem cells developing in bone marrow differentiate along various lines to form red and white blood cells (granular leukocytes or monocytes). Active or red marrow is dominated by the production of red blood cells. With increasing age the marrow becomes less active and is progressively inhabited by adipocytes (fat cells). Osteocyte cell bodies (yellow) also reside in other smaller cavities (lacunae) of the surrounding compact bone.

Bone Ossification
Formation When

of bone by osteoblasts

osteoblasts become surrounded by bone matrix it becomes a mature bone cell or osteocyte

Intramembraneous

ossification occurs in connective tissue membranes

cartilage ossification occurs within

Endochondral

Bone Growth

Occurs by apposition of new bone onto existing bone or connective tissue Bone increases in width and diameter by deposits of new bone matrix on surface of bones by osteoblasts Growth in length occurs at the epiphyseal plate

Bone Remodeling OSTEOBlastsvs.Clasts

Deopsition of new bone by osteblasts BLASTS = BUILD

Involves removal of existing bone by osteoclasts CLASTS = CUT

Video of Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts

http://www.brsoc.org.uk/gallery/default.htm

Bone Repair

When bone breaks blood vessels are damaged too

Vessels bleed, form clot in damaged area

2-3 days after injury blood vessels and cells from surrounding tissues begin to invade the clot
Zone of tissue repair between the two bone fragments is called a callus Osteoblasts enter callus to form cancellous bone Formation takes 4-6 weeks Cancellous bone is slowly remodeled to form compact and cancellus bone and repair is complete Can take several months

Bone Fractures

Open or Compound : bone protrudes through skin Closed or simple: skin is not broken Complete: totally separates the two bone fragments Incomplete: does not totally separate bone fragments Green Stick Fracture: incomplete fracture on convex cure of bone

Communicated Fracture: bone breaks into more than two fragments

Greenstick Fracture: bone does not break all of the way through. Simple/Closed Fracture: when the bone breaks but the skin does not. Compound/Open Fracture: broken bone tears through the skin, introducing the dangerous possibility of infection.

The area around a break swells and discolors, but some fractures can be detected only by X ray.
The weakened bones of the elderly are especially susceptible to fractures.

Direction of Fracture

Linear: parallel to long axis

Transverse: right angles to long axis

Oblique: at an angle other than a right angle

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