Road Functions
Access: Provides for access to properties Mixed function: both movement and access functions
2. Major Rd Classes
Arterial Rd
Major roads linking national and international centres Provides for mobility from one urban centre and another (and within urban centres) High speed, long trip length High volume and therefore geometric design standards must be high to enable efficient traffic operation
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Major Rd Classes
Freeways Dual carriageways Multilane roadways (without medians) Two-lane two-way roadways
Access to the roadway varies: very restricted for the freeways/principal arterials but less restricted for two-lane roadways
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Major Rd Classes
Collectors / Distributors
Links traffic from and to rural areas to the major arterial roads or urban centres Many of these also provides access to individual properties (Provides both mobility and access mixed function)
Major Rd Classes
Collectors / Distributors
Traffic flow and trip length : intermediate level Need for high geometric standards is less important Design types: usually two-lane two-way roadways
Major Rd Classes
Access Rds
Are the lowest level in road network hierarchy Links to collector roads Traffic volume very low, NMT often the dominating mode Access is primary function Design standards low, just enough for the access function
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3. Design Controls/Standards
A basic task for each road project is the selection design standards that match the environment, needs and the desired level of service.
Design standards are selected so as to provide a desired level of service for the expected traffic volume and composition. The selection of the standards is governed by the highway type (function) and the characteristics of the location. The selection of the standards is done at the beginning of the design process
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3.1Considerations
For a Typical bitumen standard Trunk Road in Tanzania with ADT 400 to 1000 vpd located in rural flat terrain:
Design speed 100 120 km/hr Minimum curve radius - 500 m Maximum superelevation 8 - 10% Minimum curve length (aesthetics)? Lane width 2.75 - 3.25 m? Camber 2.5% Maximum gradient 6 % Shoulder width 1 2 m (paved or gravel?)
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Functional classification Traffic volume and mix Design speed Terrain Land use (Urban/rural)
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Other factors
i. ii. iii. iv.
LoS desired Funds available Safety considerations Social and environmental factors
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Critical factors
Desired
LoS Design vehicle Design Speed Traffic Volume Plus driver, vehicle and road characteristics
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Composition of Traffic
Operating characteristics of vehicles are dependent on size and weight Trucks are slower and occupy more roadway space Effect on traffic operation of one truck is equivalent to several passenger cars, actual equivalence being dependent on gradient, available PSD
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Composition of Traffic
The higher the proportion of trucks, the greater the equivalent traffic demand and the greater the highway capacity needed. For rural uninterrupted flow conditions vehicles can be grouped into two major classes:
type (Function, design type, paved/unpaved) Terrain of the location Land-use of the adjacent area (density of development)
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Trip
length on the section Driver expectation (e.g. for collector road in a flat terrain, mountainous terrain = lower design speed acceptable)
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that vehicle selected to represent all vehicles expected to use the roadway. Its dimensions and operating characteristics are used to establish geometric standards (turning radii at inter., height
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cont.
Design vehicle is the largest that is likely to use the roadway with considerable frequency Restriction! Larger vehicles may require permit before they can use the roadway Note: Increasingly larger vehicles being manufactured
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car P Single unit truck SU Single unit bus - BUS Semi trailer WB 40 or WB 50 (Large) Full trailer WB 50 Check text for details
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Countries or trading blocks specify maximum dimensions, axle load and GVW for vehicles that may be used on public roads. Designer must take account of these restrictions. These vary with time as vehicle technology and economies develop.
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Assignment No. 3
Compile maximum vehicle and weight limits for Trunk roads in Tanzania. (Mr. Yoel Samwel CSE) Compile/select design vehicle and design standards for the following roads: Sam Nujoma Road (Mr. Aron Bahati CTE) University Rd (UDSM) (Ms Hidaya Abbas CSE) DSM/Bagamoyo Rd (say 1200 vpd, flat terrain) (Ms Sayi Kapera CWR)
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Tutorial 1
Road project cross section design: To determine number of lanes and cross section details Projected AADT is 45000 vpd Traffic composition 13% trucks and buses (1 truck = 2.6 passenger cars)
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Tutorial 1
Road project cross section design: Desired level of service say 1100 passenger cars per lane per hour. Determine required ROW if desirable median width is 12.0 m, NMY pavement 2.5 m wide and ditch area is 6.0 m.
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