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TR 320: Road Functional Classification and Design Controls and Criteria

Road Functions

Mobility: Movement from one place to another

High Speed (usually high traffic volume)

Access: Provides for access to properties Mixed function: both movement and access functions

Recap From TR 210

What are the functions of the following roads?


Uvumbuzi Rd University Rd Sam Nujoma Rd Morogoro Rd Shekilango Rd


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2. Major Rd Classes

Arterial Rd

Major roads linking national and international centres Provides for mobility from one urban centre and another (and within urban centres) High speed, long trip length High volume and therefore geometric design standards must be high to enable efficient traffic operation
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Major Rd Classes

Arterial Rd Design types


Freeways Dual carriageways Multilane roadways (without medians) Two-lane two-way roadways

Access to the roadway varies: very restricted for the freeways/principal arterials but less restricted for two-lane roadways
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Major Rd Classes

Collectors / Distributors

Links traffic from and to rural areas to the major arterial roads or urban centres Many of these also provides access to individual properties (Provides both mobility and access mixed function)

Major Rd Classes

Collectors / Distributors

Traffic flow and trip length : intermediate level Need for high geometric standards is less important Design types: usually two-lane two-way roadways

Major Rd Classes

Access Rds

Are the lowest level in road network hierarchy Links to collector roads Traffic volume very low, NMT often the dominating mode Access is primary function Design standards low, just enough for the access function
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3. Design Controls/Standards
A basic task for each road project is the selection design standards that match the environment, needs and the desired level of service.

Design standards are selected so as to provide a desired level of service for the expected traffic volume and composition. The selection of the standards is governed by the highway type (function) and the characteristics of the location. The selection of the standards is done at the beginning of the design process
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3.1Considerations

For a Typical bitumen standard Trunk Road in Tanzania with ADT 400 to 1000 vpd located in rural flat terrain:

Example: See Table 1.1 ORN #6

Design speed 100 120 km/hr Minimum curve radius - 500 m Maximum superelevation 8 - 10% Minimum curve length (aesthetics)? Lane width 2.75 - 3.25 m? Camber 2.5% Maximum gradient 6 % Shoulder width 1 2 m (paved or gravel?)
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3.2. Design controls/Factors influencing design


i. ii. iii. iv. v.

Functional classification Traffic volume and mix Design speed Terrain Land use (Urban/rural)
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Other factors
i. ii. iii. iv.

LoS desired Funds available Safety considerations Social and environmental factors

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Critical factors
Desired

LoS Design vehicle Design Speed Traffic Volume Plus driver, vehicle and road characteristics
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3.3. DESIGN HOUR VOLUME


DHV = projected hourly volume used for design Usually taken as a percentage of the expected ADT It has been shown that it is economical to use the 30th highest hour volume (30 HV) as DHV It is usually 12 to 18 percent of ADT

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DESIGN HOUR VOLUME


15% of ADT is used as average in rural areas. In urban areas DHV is 8% to 12% of ADT. Actual value depends on development density. Directional distribution is important in the determination of number of lanes.

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Composition of Traffic

Operating characteristics of vehicles are dependent on size and weight Trucks are slower and occupy more roadway space Effect on traffic operation of one truck is equivalent to several passenger cars, actual equivalence being dependent on gradient, available PSD
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Composition of Traffic

The higher the proportion of trucks, the greater the equivalent traffic demand and the greater the highway capacity needed. For rural uninterrupted flow conditions vehicles can be grouped into two major classes:

Passenger cars Trucks including all buses


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3.4. Design Speed (DS)


Definition - the maximum safe speed that can can be maintained over a specified section of highway when conditions are so favourable such that the design features of the highway govern.
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Factors affecting design speed


Highway

type (Function, design type, paved/unpaved) Terrain of the location Land-use of the adjacent area (density of development)
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Factors affecting design speed


And

also we must consider

Trip

length on the section Driver expectation (e.g. for collector road in a flat terrain, mountainous terrain = lower design speed acceptable)
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3.5. Design Vehicle


Definition

that vehicle selected to represent all vehicles expected to use the roadway. Its dimensions and operating characteristics are used to establish geometric standards (turning radii at inter., height
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cont.
Design vehicle is the largest that is likely to use the roadway with considerable frequency Restriction! Larger vehicles may require permit before they can use the roadway Note: Increasingly larger vehicles being manufactured

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Typical Design Vehicles


Passenger

car P Single unit truck SU Single unit bus - BUS Semi trailer WB 40 or WB 50 (Large) Full trailer WB 50 Check text for details
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Maximum vehicle dimensions and weight limits

Countries or trading blocks specify maximum dimensions, axle load and GVW for vehicles that may be used on public roads. Designer must take account of these restrictions. These vary with time as vehicle technology and economies develop.
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Assignment No. 3

i. ii. iii. iv.

Compile maximum vehicle and weight limits for Trunk roads in Tanzania. (Mr. Yoel Samwel CSE) Compile/select design vehicle and design standards for the following roads: Sam Nujoma Road (Mr. Aron Bahati CTE) University Rd (UDSM) (Ms Hidaya Abbas CSE) DSM/Bagamoyo Rd (say 1200 vpd, flat terrain) (Ms Sayi Kapera CWR)
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Tutorial 1
Road project cross section design: To determine number of lanes and cross section details Projected AADT is 45000 vpd Traffic composition 13% trucks and buses (1 truck = 2.6 passenger cars)
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Tutorial 1
Road project cross section design: Desired level of service say 1100 passenger cars per lane per hour. Determine required ROW if desirable median width is 12.0 m, NMY pavement 2.5 m wide and ditch area is 6.0 m.
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Determine number of lanes and propose cross section design

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