BY
Over the past couple of decades many of the networks that were built used different hardware and software implementations, as a result they were incompatible and it became difficult for networks using different specifications to communicate with each other. To address the problem of networks being incompatible and unable to communicate with each other, the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) researched various network schemes. The ISO recognised there was a need to create a NETWORK MODEL that would help vendors create interoperable network implementations.
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What is OSI?
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is a set of internationally recognized, non-proprietary standards for networking and for operating system involved in networking functions.
Application Layer
Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer
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What is OSI?
OSI is short for Open Systems Interconnection. OSI model was first introduced by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1984 Outlines WHAT needs to be done to send data from one computer to another. Not HOW it should be done. Protocols stacks handle how data is prepared for transmittal
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Device A
Device B Page 7
Solution: Separate application aspects from technical (signaling and routing) aspects
Application Layer: Concerned with user interface, file access and file transfer
Application
Application
Technical Standards
Technical Standards
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Application
Application
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Physical Layer Describes physical aspects of network: cards, wires, etc Specifies interconnect topologies and devices Network Layer Defines a standard method for operating between nodes Address scheme is defined (IP) Accounts for varying topologies Data-Link Works with Network Layer to translate logical addresses (IP) into hardware addresses (MAC) for transmission Defines a single link protocol for transfer between two nodes
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Application
Application
Physical
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Application
Application
Session
Transport Network Data-Link Physical
Data-Link
Physical
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Receiving Computer
7 Application 7 Application
User Application
6 Presentation
6 Presentation 5 Session 5 Session
Transmission Media
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
1 Physical
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SUMMARY
There was no standard for networks in the early days and as a result it was difficult for networks to communicate with each other. The International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) recognised this. and researched various network schemes, and in 1984 introduced the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model. The OSI reference model has standards which ensure vendors greater compatibility and interoperability between various types of network technologies. The OSI reference model organizes network functions into seven numbered layers.
Each layer provides a service to the layer above it in the protocol specification and communicates with the same layers software or hardware on other computers. Layers 1-4 are concerned with the flow of data from end to end through the network and Layers 5-7 are concerned with services to the applications.
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THANK YOU
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