kkkP4034 8lver Lnglneerlng

Pydrograph
Mohd Azlm Safwan 8 Abdul
Wahab
Mohd 1a[uddln 8 Mohamod
Muhammad lakhry 8 !affary
norlzza Syaflqa bL 8ahrln
AzfaraLul Panl bL Abdul Chanl
larah ALlka bL Abdul Chanl
Croup 2
n18CuuC1Cn
W Pydrograph ls Lhe response of a glven
caLchmenL Lo a ralnfall lnpuL
W ConslsLs of flow ln Lhree phases
l)Surface
8unoff
ll)nLerflow
lll)8ase llow
lacLor
affecLlng
hydrograph
hyslographlc CllmaLlc
hys|ograph|c Iactors
Shape of 1he 8asln
W nfluences Lhe Llme Laken for waLer from Lhe remoLe parLs
of Lhe caLchmenL Lo arrlve aL Lhe ouLleL
W AffecLs Lhe occurrence of Lhe peak and Lhe shape of
hydrograph
Slze
W Slzes behave dlfferenL ln Lerm of Lhe relaLlve lmporLance of
varlous phases of Lhe runoff phenomenon
W Small caLchmenLoverland flow phase ls predomlnanL over
Lhe channel flow
W Pence Lhe land use and lnLenslLy of ralnfall have
lmporLanL role on Lhe peak flood
W Large baslnssupposed LhaL Lhe channel flow phase ls
predomlnanL
W 1he Llme base of Lhe hydrographs from larger basln ls
larger compare Lo Lhe small basln
Slope
W Slope of Lhe maln sLream conLrols Lhe veloclLy of flow ln
Lhe channel
W Large sLream slope glve rlse Lo qulcker depleLlon of sLorage
and hence resulL ln sLeeper recesslon llmbs of hydrograph
W n small basln Lhe slope ls lmporLanL relaLlvely Lo Lhe
overland flow n such cases Lhe sLeeper slope of Lhe
caLchmenL resulLs ln larger peak dlscharges
uralnage uenslLy
W ueflned as Lhe raLlo of Lhe LoLal channel lengLh Lo Lhe LoLal
dralnage area
W Larger dralnage denslLy creaLes slLuaLlon conduclve for
qulck dlsposal of runoff down Lhe channel
W 8asln wlLh smaller dralnage denslLy Lhe overland flow ls
predomlnanL and resulLlng hydrograph ls squaL wlLh slowly
rlslng llmb
and Use
W IegeLaLlon and foresLs lncrease Lhe lnfllLraLlon and sLorage
capaclLles of Lhe solls
W IegeLal cover reduces Lhe peak flow 1hls effecL ls mosLly
for Lhe small caLchmenL area less Lhan 130 km
2
W Land use ls Lhe only facLor LhaL can be manlpulaLed and lL
represenLs Lhe only pracLlcal means of exerclslng long
Lerm naLural conLrol over Lhe flood hydrograph of a
caLchmenL
W nLenslLy duraLlon and dlrecLlon of sLorm movemenL are
mosL lmporLanL affecLlng Lhe shape of Lhe hydrograph
W lor a glven duraLlon Lhe peak and volume of Lhe surface
runoff are proporLlonal Lo Lhe lnLenslLy of ralnfall lor
small caLchmenL Lhe lnLenslLy may affecL Lhe hydrograph
as well
W f Lhe sLorm moves from upsLream Lo Lhe downsLream lL
wlll be a qulcker concenLraLlon of flow aL Lhe basln of Lhe
ouLleL 1he resulL ls Lhe peak of hydrograph wlll be hlgh
W Conversely lf Lhe sLorm movlng Lo Lhe upsLream Lhe
hydrograph peak wlll be lower and havlng longer Llme
base
|mat|c Iactors
ComponenL of 1he Pydrograph
1) 8lslng Llmb
W Also known as concenLraLlon curve represenLs Lhe
lncrease ln dlscharge due Lo Lhe gradual bulldlng up
of Lhe sLorage ln channels and over Lhe caLchmenL
surface
W 1he lnlLlal losses and hlgh lnfllLraLlon losses durlng
Lhe early perlod of sLorm cause Lhe dlscharge Lo rlse
raLher slowly ln Lhe lnlLlal perlods As lL conLlnues
more and more flow from dlfferenL parLs reach Lhe
ouLleL 1hus Lhe runoff rapldly lncrease wlLh Llme
2 CresL SegmenL
W MosL lmporLanL parL as lL conLalns Lhe peak flow
W 1he peak flow occurs when Lhe runoff from varlous parLs
slmulLaneously conLrlbuLe Lo Lhe maxlmum amounL of
flow aL Lhe basln ouLleL
W MulLlplepeaked can occur when Lwo or more sLorms
occur ln successlon
3) 8ecesslon Llmb
W LxLend from Lhe polnL of lnflecLlon aL Lhe end of Lhe cresL
segmenL
W 1he sLarLlng polnL of Lhe recesslon llmb ls Lhe polnL of
lnflecLlon represenLs Lhe maxlmum sLorage
W 1he depleLlon of sLorage wlll Lake place Lhe shape of Lhe
hydrograph ls lndependenL on sLorm characLerlsLlcs and
depends on Lhe basln characLerlsLlcs
W 1he sLorage exlsL as
l Surface sLorage
ll nLerflow sLorage
lll CroundwaLer sLorage
W 8ecesslon of sLorage
C
L
C
0
k
L
r
(61)
Where C
L
dlscharge aL Llme L
C
0
dlscharge aL Llme L 0
k recesslon consLanL of value less Lhan unlLy
W 1he equaLlon can be expressed ln an alLernaLlvely
form of Lhe exponenLlal decay as
C
L
C
0
e
aL
(61a)
Where a ln k
r
W k
r
k
rs
k
rl
k
rb
Where k
rs
recesslon consLanL for surface sLorage
k
rl
recesslon consLanL for lnLerflow
k
rb
recesslon consLanL for base flow
W When Llme L ls ln days Lhus
k
rs
003 Lo 020
k
rl
030 Lo 083
k
rb
083 Lo 099
W When Lhe lnLerflow ls slgnlflcanL k
rl
can be assumed Lo be
unlLy
W f sufflxes 1 and 2 denoLe Lhe condlLlons aL Lwo Llme
lnsLances L
1
and L
2

lrom Lq (61) C
1
/C
2
k
r
(L1L2)
(62)
lrom Lq (61a) C
1
/C
2
e
a(L1L2)
(62a)
W SLorage can be deflned as
S
L
C
L
/a
W Lxample 61
1he recesslon llmb of a flood hydrograph ls glven below 1he Llme ls lndlcaLed from
Lhe arrlval of peak Assumlng Lhe lnLerflow componenL Lo be negllglble esLlmaLe
Lhe base flow and surface flow recesslon coefflclenLs Also esLlmaLe Lhe sLorage aL
Lhe end of day3
@|me from
peak(day)
D|scharge(m
3
]s) @|me from
peak(day)
D|scharge(m
3
]s)
0
90 33 3
03
66 4 38
1
34 43 3
13
20 3 26
2
13 33 22
23
9 6 18
3
67 63 16
7 13
@|me from peak (days) kecess|on |mb of g|ven
food hydrograph (m
3
]s)
8ase fow (obta|ned by
us|ng k
rb
0746)
Surface runoff (m
3
]s)
00
90
03
66
10433 33343
10
34
7943 26033
13
20
6381 13419
20
13
3613 7387
23
9
4862 4138
30
67
4249 2431
33
30
3730 1270
40
38
3281 0319
43
30
2884
30
26
2330
33
22
2209
60
18
1917
63
16
1647
70
13
1398
W1he base flow recesslon curve ls exLended Llll L 1 day (llne A8M)
W1he surface runoff depleLlon ls obLalned by subLracLlng Lhe base flow from
glven recesslon llmb
SoluLlon
W uaLa ploLLed on a semllog paper wlLh dlscharge on Lhe logscale
W 1he surface flow LermlnaLes aL L 43 days
W Llne A8 C
L
11033e
02927L
wlLh 8
2
09803
W ln k
rb
02927 k
rb
0746 (k
rb
can be obLalned by selecLlng 2 polnLs on Lhe
sLralghL llne A8 and uslng Lq (62))
W 1he surface flow (col4) are ploLLed agalnsL Llme produced a sLralghL llne x?
W Llne x? C
L
98262e
1274L
wlLh 8
2
09961
W ln k
rs
1274 k
rs
02797 (k
rbs
can be obLalned by selecLlng 2 polnLs on Lhe
sLralghL llne x? and uslng Lq (62))
W 1he sLorage aL L 3 days ls Lhe sum of Lhe sLorages ln surface flow and
groundwaLer recesslon modes glven
W S
L3
C
s3
/ln k
rs
+ C
b3
/ ln k
rb
W C
s3
98262e
1274 x3
2130
W C
b3
11033e
02927x3
4383
W 1hus S
L3
2130 / 1274 + 4383/02927 1732 cumecdays 1496Mm
3
BASE FLOW BASE FLOW
SEPARATION SEPARATION
O Method 1.
N STRAIGHT LINE METHOD
N A straight line in the beginning of the surface
runoff to a point on recession limb
N=0.83A
2
A= drainage area in km
2
N= days
N point A and B are joint to demarcate to the base
flow and surface runoff
N B=decide by considering a number of
hydrographs for the catchment
O Method 2.
Widely used especially for base-flow separation
procedure
Segment AC=the base flow
Segment BC= surface runoff
O Method 3.
N point A and F are by an arbitrary smooth curve
N Used when and where the groundwater
contributions are significant and reach the stream
quickly.
N Selection between this 3 methods depends on the
local practice and successful prediction achieved in
the past.
EFFECTIVE RAINFALL EFFECTIVE RAINFALL
(ER) (ER)
EXCESS EXCESS
RAINFALL (ER) RAINFALL (ER)
O Figure show the hyetograph oI a
storm.
O The initial loss and inIiltration
losses are subtracted Irom it.
This is known eIIective rainIall
hyetograph (ERH).
O Since ERH usually in cm/h
plotted against time, the area oI
ERH multiply by catchment area
gives the total value oI direct
runoII.
O The initial loss and inIiltration
losses are estimated based on the
available data oI the catchment.
FXAHPlF 6.3 FXAHPlF 6.3
O "uestion :
A storm over a catchment oI area 5.0 km
2
had a duration oI 14
hours.
The mass curve oI rainIall oI the storm is as Iollow.
II the index Ior the catchment is 0.4 cm/h, determine the
eIIective rainIall hyetograph and the volume oI direct runoII Irom
the catchment due to the storm.
Time (h) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Accumulated
RainIall (cm)
0 0.6 2.8 5.2 6.6 7.5 9.2 9.6
FXAHPlF 6.3 FXAHPlF 6.3
O Solution
ER = (actual depth of rainfall - col.5)
ER = 0 , whichever is larger
FXAHPlF 6.3 FXAHPlF 6.3
O Solution (continue..)
FXAHPlF 6.3 FXAHPlF 6.3
O Solution (continue..)
O Total eff. rainfall = direct runoff due to storm
= area of ERH
= 2 x (0.7+0.8+0.35+0.45)
= 4.6 cm
O Volume of direct runoff = 4.6/1000 x 5 x 1000
2
= 000 m

66
un1
P?u8CC8AP
8epresenLs Lhe lumped response of Lhe caLchmenL Lo a
unlL ralnfall excess of uh duraLlon Lo produce a dlrecL
runoff hydrograph
Iolume of waLer conLalned ln Lhe unlL hydrograph musL
be equal Lo Lhe ralnfall excess
1cm depLh of ralnfall excess (area of Lhe unlL
hydrograph) volume glven by 1 cm over Lhe caLchmenL
1he ralnfall ls consldered Lo have an average lnLenslLy
of L8 of 1/u (cm/h) for Lhe duraLlon uh of Lhe sLorm
1he dlsLrlbuLlon of Lhe sLorm ls consldered Lo be
unlform all over Lhe caLchmenL
uLln1Cn
Area under Lhe
unlL hydrograph
1292x10
6
m
3
1lme lnvarlance
- ulrecLrunoff response Lo a
glven effecLlve ralnfall ln a
caLchmenL ls LlmelnvarlanL
- mplles LhaL Lhe u8P for a glven
L8 ln a caLchmenL ls always Lhe
same lrrespecLlve of when lL
occurs
Llnear response
- ulrecLrunoff response Lo Lhe
ralnfall excess ls assumed Lo be
llnear
- npuL x
1
(L) ouLpuL y
1
(L)
npuL x
2
(L) ouLpuL y
2
(L)
so x
1
(L)+x
2
(L)y
1
(L)+y
2
(L)
- 1hen lf x
2
(L)rx
1
(L) and
y
2
(L)ry
1
(L) Lhus Lhe ralnfall
excess ln duraLlon u ls r Llmes
Lhe unlL depLh Lhe resulLlng
u8P wlll have ordlnaLes bearlng
raLlo r Lo Lhose of Lhr
correspondlng uh unlL
hydrograph
- Lnables Lhe meLhod of
superposlLlon
AssumpLlon consLlLuLe Lhe foundaLlon for Lhe unlL hydrograph Lheory
@|me (h) 0 3 6 9 12 1S 18 36 42 48 S4 60 69
uP ordlnaLe
(m3/s)
0 23 30 83 123 160 110 60 36 23 16 8 0
C
Clven below are Lhe ordlnaLes of 6h unlL hydrograph for
a caLchmenL CalculaLe Lhe ordlnaLe of u8P due Lo
ralnfall excess of 33 cm occurrlng ln hours
LxAMLL 64
647S
18S
C
1wo sLorm each of 6h duraLlon and havlng ralnfall excess
value of 30 and 20 cm respecLlvely occur successlvely
1he 2 cm L8 raln follow Lhe 3 cm raln 1he 6h unlL
hydrograph for Lhe caLchmenL ls Lhe same as glven ln ex
64 CalculaLe Lhe resulLlng u8P
LxAMLL 63
@|me (h) 0 3 6 9 12 1S 18 36 42 48 S4 60 69
uP ordlnaLe
(m3/s)
0 23 30 83 123 160 110 60 36 23 16 8 0
8S0
370
SSS
Wy using the basic principles oI the unit hydrograph, one can
easily calculate the DRH in a catchment due to given storm iI
an appropriate unit hydrograph was available. Assumed that a
D-h UH and the storm hyetograph are available.
WThe ERH then divided into M block oI D-h duration each. The
rainIall excess in each D-h duration is the operated upon the
unit hydrograph successively to get the various DRH curves.
WThe ordinates oI these DRHs are suitable lagged to obtained
the proper time sequence and then collected and added at each
time element to obtain the required net DRH due to the storm.
ALCA1Cn Cl un1 P?u8CC8AP
C
1he ordlnaLes of a 6h uP of a caLchmenL ls glven below
uerlve Lhe flood hydrograph ln Lhe caLchmenL due Lo sLorm glven
below
1he sLorm loss raLe for Lhe caLchmenL ls esLlmaLed as 023 cm/h
1he base flow can e assumed Lo be 13 m
3
/s aL Lhe beglnnlng and
lncreaslng 20 m
3
/s for every 12 hours Llll Lhe end of Lhe dlrecL
runoff hydrograph
@|me (h) 0 3 6 9 12 1S 18 24 30 36 42 48 S4 60 69
CrdlnaLe
Cf 6h uP
0 23 30 38 123 160 183 160 110 60 36 23 16 8 0
LxAMLL 66
uerlvaLlon of unlL Pldrographs
W uepLh of L8 Area under each u8P ls evaluaLed
volume of dlrecL runoff ls dlvlded by Lhe caLchmenL
area
Wllood hydrograph ln analysls should be selecLed Lo
meeL Lhe deslrable feaLures
1he sLorm should be lsolaLed sLorms occurrlng
lndlvldually
8alnfall should be falrly unlform durlng duraLlon and
should cover Lhe enLlre caLchmenL area
uuraLlon of Lhe ralnfall should be 1/3 Lo 1/3 of Lhe
basln lag
8alnfall excess of selecLed sLorm should be hlgh
8ange L8 (10 40cm)
A beglnnlng of u8P L 0
8 end of u8P L 90h
m peak L 20h
Pence
n (9020) 70h 291days
8y eq(64)
n 083(423)02 278days
n 291 days ls adopLed for convenlence
Iolume of u8P 60x60x6x(sum of u8P ordlnaLes)
60x60x6x3871268Mm
uralnage area 423km 423Mm
8unoff depLh L8 depLh 1268/423 003m 3cm
unlL Pydrograph lrom A Complex SLorm
W uaLa from complex sLorms of long duraLlon Lo
be used n unlL hydrograph when sulLable
slmple lsolaLed sLorms are noL avallable
W uecompose a measured composlLe flood
hydrograph lnLo lLs componenL u8Ps and base
flow
W A common unlL hydrograph of approprlaLe
duraLlon ls assumed Lo exlsL