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Definition
the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or
electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay

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Radioactivity
In small doses, radioactivity is a useful process that can be

harnessed by man. For example, nuclear reactors exploit radioactivity to generate heat. Phosphorescent materials sometimes include small quantities of radioactive atoms. Materials containing carbon-14 can be placed in geological time using a process known as radiocarbon dating, in which the amount of carbon-14 in the material is used to determine its age. Terrestrial radiation is the second major source of natural radioactivity. This radiation comes from isotopes of carbon and potassium, as well as thorium and uranium, which may be found in soil, rocks, or water.
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Types of Radiations
When an unstable nucleus decays, there are three ways that it can do so. It may give out: an alpha particle (we use the symbol a beta particle (symbol ) A gamma ray (symbol )

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Alpha particles
Alpha particles are made of 2 protons and 2 neutrons. This means that they have a charge of +2, and a mass of 4 (the mass is measured in "atomic mass units", where each proton & neutron=1) We can write them as , or, because they're the same as a helium nucleus, . Alpha particles are relatively slow and heavy. They have a low penetrating power - you can stop them with just a sheet of paper. Because they have a large charge, alpha particles ionise other atoms strongly.
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Beta particles
Beta particles have a charge of minus 1, and a mass of about 1/2000th of a proton. This means that beta particles are the same as an electron. We can write them as or, because they're the same as an electron, . They are fast, and light. Beta particles have a medium penetrating power they are stopped by a sheet of aluminium or plastics such as perspex. Beta particles ionise atoms that they pass, but not as strongly as alpha particles do.
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Gamma rays
Gamma rays are waves, not particles. This means that they have no mass and no charge. So we sometimes write . Gamma rays have a high penetrating power - it takes a thick sheet of metal such as lead, or concrete to reduce them significantly. Gamma rays do not directly ionise other atoms, although they may cause atoms to emit other particles which will then cause ionisation. We don't find pure gamma sources - gamma rays are emitted alongside alpha or beta particles. Strictly speaking, gamma emission isn't 'radioactive decay' because it doesn't change the state of the nucleus, it just carries away some energy.
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5 Types of Radio Active Process


Alpha Emission
Beta Decay Electron Capture Neutron Release Spontaneous Fission

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NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL RADIOACTIVITY

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NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY
Nuclear reactions which occur spontaneously are said to be an example of natural radioactivity. There are three naturally occurring radioactive series among the elements in the periodic table. These are known as the uranium series, the actinium series and the thorium series, each named after the element at which the series start (except the actinium series which starts with a different uranium isotope). Each series decays through a number of unstable nuclei by means of alpha and beta emmission, until each series end on a different stable istope of lead.
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ARTIFICIAL RADIOACTIVITY
Not all nuclear reactions are spontaneous. These reactions occur when stable isotopes are bombarded with particles such as neutrons. This method of inducing a nuclear reaction to proceed is termed artificial radioactivity. This meant new nuclear reactions, which wouldn't have been viewed spontaneously, could now be observed. Since about 1940, a set of new elements with atomic numbers over 92 (the atomic number of the heaviest naturally occurring element, Uranium) have been artificially made. They are called the transuranium elements.
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Binding Energy Curve

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Submitted By, VINOD BHASKAR 2 Physics Dept. Roll No. 00000

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