RAINWATER HARVESTING

INTRODUCTION

Rainwater harvesting means,Delibarate collection and storage of rain water. An average of 8% to 12% of total rainfall recharges ground water aquifers. The technique of rainwater harvesting involves catching the rain from localized catchment surfaces such as roof of a house, plain and sloping ground
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Ancient Methods Of RWH

From Roof tops & stored in tanks individually, In Kunds of Thar Dessert, By Kaul Irrigation, By Bamboo Rainwater Harvest
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Ancient Methods of Rainwater Harvesting

Kaul Irrigation Method

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Ancient Methods of Rainwater Harvesting

Kaul Irrigation Method

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Ancient Methods of Rainwater Harvesting

Bamboo Rainwater Harvesting Method

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Ancient Methods of Rainwater Harvesting

Temple Tanks of India

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DIFFERENT METHODS OF RWH

Artificial recharge techniques. Ground water conservation techniques. Rooftop rainwater harvesting techniques.

ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE TECHNIQUES

Categorized into: Direct method. Indirect method.

ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE TECHNIQUES

Direct method involves:1. Surface spreading techniques: Runoff conservation structures - Contour bunds. - Contour trenches. - Gully plugs, Nala bunds, Check dams. - Percolation ponds. Recharge basins 2. Sub-surface techniques: Injection wells/recharge wells. Gravity head recharge wells. Recharge pits and shafts

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Surface Spreading Techniques

CONTOUR BUNDS

Adopted in low rainfall area. Constructed across the slope the land. Not recommended for clayey soils.

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CONTOUR TRENCHES

Constructed hill slope, degraded land and barren waste land. Adopted in high-and low-rainfall areas.

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GULLY PLUGS, NALA BUNDS AND CHECK DAMS

Constructed to impend the flow of surface water in the stream channel. Water is retained for longer duration in pervious soil or rock surface. Generally constructed across bigger streams having gentle slope.

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PERCOLATION PONDS

Prevalent in alluvial and hard rock formations. These are submerging highly permeable land. Efficiency and feasibility in hard rock.

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RECHARGE BASINS

Constructed parallel to ephemeral or intermittent stream channels. They are excavated or are enclosed by dykes and levees. Water contact area75% to 90% of total recharge area.

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INJECTION WELLS/RECHARGE WELLS

Sub Surface Techniques

Similar to bore wells constructed for augmenting GW storage in deeper aquifer. Advantageous when land is scarce, desaturated and to arrest the ingress of sea water

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GRAVITY HEAD RECHARGE WELLS

Existing dug/tube/bore wells used alternatively as recharge wells. Used in areas where de-saturation of aquifers taken place. Soil moisture losses get reduced.

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RECHARGE PIT

Excavated pits. Deeper than recharge basins. Infiltration occurs laterally through walls of the pit. Recharging capacity increases with c/s area.
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RECHARGE SHAFTS

Most efficient and cost-effective to recharge aquifers directly. Recharge shafts constructed to augment recharge into deeper aquifers having low permeability.

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GRONDWATER CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES

Intended to retain GW for longer period. Techniques involved: GW Dams/sub-surface dykes/bandharas. These are basically ground water conservation structures and are effective to provide sustainability to ground water structures by arresting sub-surface flow. A sub-surface dyke / ground water dam is a sub-surface barrier constructed across a stream channel which retards the natural ground water flow and stores water below the ground surface to meet the demands during periods of need.The main purpose of ground water dams is to arrest 20 the flow of ground water out of the watershed/sub-basin

ROOFTOP RAINWATER HARVESTING

Involves collection of water from the roof and stored into the tank. Collection of water from the roof and used to recharge GW table.
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RTRWH USING STORAGE TANKS

These systems are designed to support the drinking and cooking needs of the family at the doorstep. collected water in storage tank is used during the periods of scarcity.

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RTRWH
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Components :Roof catchments. Drain pipes. Gutters. Down pipe. First flush pipe. Filter unit. Storage tank. Collection sump. Pump unit.
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RRHS
Advantages:1. Rainwater Run-off can be harvested and utilized. 2. Reduces drainage congestion in urban areas. 3. Help to recharge groundwater. 4. Economical and eco-friendly. 5. Improves quality of ground water through dilution.
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RAINWATER QUALITY AND HEALTH

Rainwater is often used for drinking and cooking and so it is vital that the highest possible quality standards are met. It does not meet the WHO water quality guidelines,hence it can be used other than drinking. Australian government has given the all clear for the consumption of rainwater provided the rainwater is clear, has little taste or smell, and is from a well-maintained system.

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CONCLUSION:

India reaches much of its rainfall in just 100 hrs in a year usually during monsoon period. If this water is not captured or stored, the rest of the year experiences a precious situation manifest in water scarcity. More and more schemes of water supply being undertaken in rural areas only on the basis of groundwater resources. However, no steps are taken to recharge the groundwater reservoirs. Hence, in it is essential to take necessary steps to recharge groundwater reservoirs by percolation tanks, rock fill 32 dams, contour trenching and bunding, check dams,

CONCLUSION (Cont..d)

Due to urbanization, the rate of infiltration has been reduced drastically and most of the runoff is wasted. Hence individual rainwater harvesting schemes are to be undertaken so that water is collected from the roofs and surrounding areas and can be used throughout the year for all purpose except drinking and cooking and hence, load on water supply schemes of local authorities can be reduced. For successful implementation of any method of rainwater harvesting, active participation of public is a must.
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REFERENCES :

Making water everybodys business practice and policy of water harvesting, edited by Anil Agarwal, Sunita Narain and Indira Khurana. (Center for science and environment). www.aboutrainwaterharvesting.com

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