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Logronio.Turalde.

1) 2) 3)

Determine the effects of some factors on reaction rates Determine the rate law expression using the method of initial rates Evaluate the value of the activation energy of a reaction

rate of reaction frequency of collision frequency of collision = (number of collisions)/(time) effective collision is required

1.

reactants must have sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy


activation energy: minimum energy that is

required for the reaction to occur, energy barrier


Ea, effective collisions, rate

1.

Proper Orientation

the reactants will form a transition state before forming the products
Unstable arrangement of atoms

reactants in a short-lived, high-energy,

intermediate state
exact structure cannot be determined

contains partial forming and partial breaking of

bonds

rate of reaction ease of formation of the transition state Ease of formation is related to the activation energy
Ea, ease of formation

Some reactions are naturally faster while others are naturally slower Causes:
liquid vs. gas (different phases) position in the reactivity series

the activation energy

Reactants
A
B

Visible Results
Slow gentle bubbling
Violent reaction, fast bubbling with exploding action and loud fizzing sound

Test Tube A (Mg ribbon + water) has higher activation energy because it has slower reaction rate. The activation energy is dependent on the nature of reacting substances. The reaction slow when the Ea is higher because it is harder to overcome.

Concentration, Rate (Except for Zero-Order Reactions) more molecules are available for collision

Determined by the rate law

the order of reaction is experimentally determined it is not always equal to the coefficient in the balanced equation

getting the general ratio of two reactions that have one reactant varying while the other reactants being constant

Using linear regression between a set of data with only one reactant

Used for rate laws with more than one reactants Isolating the desired reactant by finding data sets where the other reactants have constant concentration

Do not agitate the solution

check if the x mark is initially clearly seen through the solution. Time the reaction from the moment the mark is no longer visible

I. Constant HCl Concentration II. Constant Na2S2O3 Concentration

0.15 M Na2S2O3 (mL)


5

H2O (mL)
0

3 M HCl (mL)
1

4
3 2 1

1
2 3 4

1
1 1 1

0.15 M Na2S2O3 (mL) 5


5 5 5

H2O (mL)
0 0.5 1 1.5

3 M HCl (mL)
2.5 2 1.5 1

0.5

[Na2S2O3]
0.125 M 0.1 M 0.075 M 0.05 M 0.025 M

[HCl]
0.5 M 0.5 M 0.5 M 0.5 M 0.5 M

ln [Na2S2O3]
-2.07944 -2.30259 -2.59027 -2.99573 -3.68888

Time
842 1316 2339 5263 33053

Rate(1/time)
0.11875 /s 0.076 /s 0.04275 /s 0.019 /s 0.00475 /s

ln Rate
-2.131 -2.577 -3.153 -3.963 -5.350

The rate decreases as the concentration of Na2S2O3 decreases. Its relationship is exponential: [Na2S2O3]2 rate. So, as the concentration of [Na2S2O3] increases, rate increases exponentially.

ln Rate vs. ln [Na2S2O3]


0 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 ln Rate 0

-3
-4

-5
ln [Na2S2O3] -6

Theoretically, the order of reaction is second.

[Na2S2O3]
0.1 M 0.1 M 0.1 M 0.1 M 0.1 M

[HCl]
1M 0.8 M 0.6 M 0.4 M 0.2 M

ln [Na2S2O3]
0 -0.2231 -0.5108 -0.9163 -1.6094

Time
1293 1377 1424 1551 1672

Rate(1/time)
0.07734 /s 0.07262 /s 0.07022 /s 0.06447 /s 0.05981 /s

ln Rate
-2.560 -2.622 -2.656 -2.741 -2.817

There is only a very little proportional change in the rates as the concentration of HCl changes. If ln rate would be rounded off to -3, the very very small change can be assumed that there is no change with the rate at all even of the concentration of HCl is increased.

ln rate vs ln [HCl]
0 -2 -1 0

-1 ln rate

-2

ln [HCl]

-3

The order of reaction is zeroth-order reaction.

Overall order of the reaction is 2 (second order reaction). Computation: 2+0= 2

Rate= k [Na2S2O3]2

T, KE, mobility, frequency of collision, rate increasing the temperature increases the initial energy of the reactants, making it easier to overcome the activation energy not dependent on H of the reaction the temperature alters the rate constant
T, k

relates rate with temperature

* One approximately 10 C lower than room temperature

[Na2S2O3 ]= [HCl]= 0.4138 M


1/T (K) 3.35 x 10-3 Time 4973 Rate(1/Time) 0.02011 k 0.389 ln k -0.944

Temp (C) 25.5

54 9.3

3.058 x 10-3 3.542 x 10-3

1848 2562

0.05411 7.9605 x 10-3

1.047 0.1540

0.0455 -1.871

ln k vs 1/T
0.5 0 0.003 -0.5

0.0031

0.0032

0.0033

0.0034

0.0035

0.0036

ln k
-1 -1.5 -2

1/T

SA, Rate due to the high number of molecules exposed to collision & hence a greater probability for the reaction to occur

A B

Reactants Strip of Mg

Visible Results Fast bubbling (evolution of gas)

Pieces of Mg Faster bubbling action (evolution of gas)

substance that is not consumed in the reaction alters the activation energy of a reaction

1.

Positive catalyst:

speeds up the reaction (increases Ea)

2.

Negative catalyst (inhibitor):

slows down the reaction (decreases Ea)

a.

homogenous catalyst: catalyst in the same phase as the reactants


it provides an alternate pathway with a series of

steps with a lower activation energy each

a.

heterogenous catalyst: catalyst in the different phase as the reactants(usually solid)


acts through adsorption through binding sites in the solid's surface

Reactants H2O2 + Rochelle Salt

Visible Results Light evolution of gas, gentle bubbling H2O2 + Rochelle Salt Violent evolution of + CoCl2 gas, larger bubbles

CoCl2 is a catalyst in this reaction. It speeds up the reaction by having steps with much lower Ea without being itself being consumed.

The nature of reactants dictates the magnitude of reaction: lower Ea, faster; higher Ea, slower. The larger the surface area exposed, the faster the reaction is. This is because more reacting molecules will be available for collision. Rat is directly proportional to the concentration of reactants raised to the order of reaction. The presence of a catalyst speeds up a reaction while the presence of an inhibitor slows down a chemical reaction without itself being used up in the process. If one increases the temperature of the reacting species, the reaction proceeds at a faster rate.

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