1) 2) 3)
Determine the effects of some factors on reaction rates Determine the rate law expression using the method of initial rates Evaluate the value of the activation energy of a reaction
rate of reaction frequency of collision frequency of collision = (number of collisions)/(time) effective collision is required
1.
1.
Proper Orientation
the reactants will form a transition state before forming the products
Unstable arrangement of atoms
intermediate state
exact structure cannot be determined
bonds
rate of reaction ease of formation of the transition state Ease of formation is related to the activation energy
Ea, ease of formation
Some reactions are naturally faster while others are naturally slower Causes:
liquid vs. gas (different phases) position in the reactivity series
Reactants
A
B
Visible Results
Slow gentle bubbling
Violent reaction, fast bubbling with exploding action and loud fizzing sound
Test Tube A (Mg ribbon + water) has higher activation energy because it has slower reaction rate. The activation energy is dependent on the nature of reacting substances. The reaction slow when the Ea is higher because it is harder to overcome.
Concentration, Rate (Except for Zero-Order Reactions) more molecules are available for collision
the order of reaction is experimentally determined it is not always equal to the coefficient in the balanced equation
getting the general ratio of two reactions that have one reactant varying while the other reactants being constant
Using linear regression between a set of data with only one reactant
Used for rate laws with more than one reactants Isolating the desired reactant by finding data sets where the other reactants have constant concentration
check if the x mark is initially clearly seen through the solution. Time the reaction from the moment the mark is no longer visible
H2O (mL)
0
3 M HCl (mL)
1
4
3 2 1
1
2 3 4
1
1 1 1
H2O (mL)
0 0.5 1 1.5
3 M HCl (mL)
2.5 2 1.5 1
0.5
[Na2S2O3]
0.125 M 0.1 M 0.075 M 0.05 M 0.025 M
[HCl]
0.5 M 0.5 M 0.5 M 0.5 M 0.5 M
ln [Na2S2O3]
-2.07944 -2.30259 -2.59027 -2.99573 -3.68888
Time
842 1316 2339 5263 33053
Rate(1/time)
0.11875 /s 0.076 /s 0.04275 /s 0.019 /s 0.00475 /s
ln Rate
-2.131 -2.577 -3.153 -3.963 -5.350
The rate decreases as the concentration of Na2S2O3 decreases. Its relationship is exponential: [Na2S2O3]2 rate. So, as the concentration of [Na2S2O3] increases, rate increases exponentially.
-3
-4
-5
ln [Na2S2O3] -6
[Na2S2O3]
0.1 M 0.1 M 0.1 M 0.1 M 0.1 M
[HCl]
1M 0.8 M 0.6 M 0.4 M 0.2 M
ln [Na2S2O3]
0 -0.2231 -0.5108 -0.9163 -1.6094
Time
1293 1377 1424 1551 1672
Rate(1/time)
0.07734 /s 0.07262 /s 0.07022 /s 0.06447 /s 0.05981 /s
ln Rate
-2.560 -2.622 -2.656 -2.741 -2.817
There is only a very little proportional change in the rates as the concentration of HCl changes. If ln rate would be rounded off to -3, the very very small change can be assumed that there is no change with the rate at all even of the concentration of HCl is increased.
ln rate vs ln [HCl]
0 -2 -1 0
-1 ln rate
-2
ln [HCl]
-3
Rate= k [Na2S2O3]2
T, KE, mobility, frequency of collision, rate increasing the temperature increases the initial energy of the reactants, making it easier to overcome the activation energy not dependent on H of the reaction the temperature alters the rate constant
T, k
54 9.3
1848 2562
1.047 0.1540
0.0455 -1.871
ln k vs 1/T
0.5 0 0.003 -0.5
0.0031
0.0032
0.0033
0.0034
0.0035
0.0036
ln k
-1 -1.5 -2
1/T
SA, Rate due to the high number of molecules exposed to collision & hence a greater probability for the reaction to occur
A B
Reactants Strip of Mg
substance that is not consumed in the reaction alters the activation energy of a reaction
1.
Positive catalyst:
2.
a.
a.
Visible Results Light evolution of gas, gentle bubbling H2O2 + Rochelle Salt Violent evolution of + CoCl2 gas, larger bubbles
CoCl2 is a catalyst in this reaction. It speeds up the reaction by having steps with much lower Ea without being itself being consumed.
The nature of reactants dictates the magnitude of reaction: lower Ea, faster; higher Ea, slower. The larger the surface area exposed, the faster the reaction is. This is because more reacting molecules will be available for collision. Rat is directly proportional to the concentration of reactants raised to the order of reaction. The presence of a catalyst speeds up a reaction while the presence of an inhibitor slows down a chemical reaction without itself being used up in the process. If one increases the temperature of the reacting species, the reaction proceeds at a faster rate.