Typical structure and functional system

Neuron soma axon dendrite

# Neuron is typical for human and animal 1. Golgi apparatus, RER, mitochondria, ribosomes, nucleus 2. Somatic type

Differences in places
Generation of AP
Excitability

Threshold level
Soma, axon, dendrites

# Axon Hillock: between soma and axon

Activity of mediator
Generation of AP

Electric transmission

Mediators

Influence by mediator
Excitatory (acetylcholine, dopomine, epinephrine, norepinephrine)

Opening of Na+ channel

EPSP

Depolarisation of postsynaptic membrane

Inhibitory (GABA, Glycine)

Cl- enter, K+ exit

IPSP

hyperpolarisation of postsynaptic membrane

Q and A
Q: acetylcholine for inhibition
A: sometime the typical mediator influence the receptor at the post synaptic membrane to influence the chemically-gated channel at the post sypnatic membrane receptor

Q: appearance of AP with intergrative funtion of neuron

A: intergrative funtion is present eventhough AP is absent

Main events which cause intergrative function of neuron

convergence Type of convergence Level of convergence
Have lots of connection (neurons)

Afferent & efferent Sensory biological Multi sensory Multibiological

10 000 of synapses on a single neuron of CNS

Summation
1 of the main events in CNS which influence the generation or absence of AP

Output of different synapses located in different neuron

If 1 in hyperpolarisation, 1 in depolarisation, summation will occur -> absence of AP

Type of summation
Summation

Spatial

Time/temporal

Linear

Non linear

Spatial summation
A lot of synaptic

Changes in membrane potential in neighbouring synapse Space summation -> Thr -> AP
Depolarisation

Neutralisation (RP)
Hyperpolarisation

Time/temporal summation
Short duration Long duration

no generation of AP

Not reach Thr

Generation of AP

Summation (reach Thr)

# but changes in presynaptic are without reaching Thr # AP is generated as EPSP amplitude is enough # in same synapse - spreading of excitation, releasing of mediator & influence on postsynaptic

mediators

Intergrative function
1)Getting lots of information (lots of connections)
2)Due to summation type
Linear: complete summation (simultaneous changes at neighbouring synapse)

3)Results in changes of memb. Potential in different part with different Thr

Non-linear: synchronous generation of AP

Cytoplasm, organelles, nucleus : generation of ATP (intergration)

Type of spreading

Type of spreading

Convergence

Divergence

Multiplication

Reverberation (short term memory)

difference
Nerve centre Collection of neuron to form functional intergration Eg: #respiratory: group of neuron in medulla oblongata, spinal cord, hypothalamus etc Nucleus Collection of neuron due to anatomical location Eg: #respiration: respiratory centre #digestion: digestion centre etc

charaterising