$

LAnuSLluL
A landsllde ls Lhe movemenL of rock debrls or earLh down a slope
1hey resulL from Lhe fallure of Lhe maLerlals whlch make up Lhe hlll
slope and are drlven by Lhe force of gravlLy Landslldes are known
also as landsllps slumps or slope fallure
Some of Lhe mosL common Lypes of landsllde are earLh slldes rock
falls and debrls flows
1he movemenL of landsllde maLerlal can vary from abrupL collapses
Lo slow gradual slldes and aL raLes whlch range from almosL
undeLecLable Lo exLremely rapld Sudden and rapld evenLs are Lhe
mosL dangerous because of a lack of warnlng and Lhe speed aL
whlch maLerlal can Lravel down Lhe slope as well as Lhe force of lLs
resulLlng lmpacL LxLremely slow landslldes mlghL move only
mllllmeLres or cenLlmeLres a year and can be acLlve over many
years AlLhough Lhls Lype of landsllde ls noL a LhreaL Lo people Lhey
can cause conslderable damage Lo properLy
1LS CI LANDSLIDLS
1LS CI LANDSLIDLS
W Ia||
1hls ls generally characLerlsed by a rapld Lo exLremely rapld raLe of
movemenL wlLh Lhe descenL of maLerlal characLerlsed by a freefall perlod
lalls are commonly Lrlggered by earLhquakes or eroslon processes
W 1opp|e
1hls ls characLerlsed by Lhe LllLlng of rock wlLhouL collapse or by Lhe
forward roLaLlon of rocks abouL a plvoL polnL 1opples have a rapld raLe of
movemenL and fallure ls generally lnfluenced by Lhe fracLure paLLern ln
rock MaLerlal descends by abrupL falllng slldlng bounclng and rolllng
W I|ow
1hls ls Lhe mosL desLrucLlve and LurbulenL form of landsllde llows have a
hlgh waLer conLenL whlch causes Lhe slope maLerlal Lo lose coheslon
Lurnlng lL lnLo a slurry 1hey are channelled by Lhe landscape and move
rapldly
W S||de
1hls ls one of Lhe mosL common forms of fallure and can be subdlvlded
lnLo LranslaLlonal and roLaLlonal slldes 8oLaLlonal slldes are someLlmes
called slumps because Lhey move wlLh roLaLlon 1ranslaLlonal slldes have a
planar or Lwo dlmenslonal surface of rupLure Slldes are mosL common
when Lhe Loe of Lhe slope ls undercuL 1hey have a moderaLe raLe of
movemenL and Lhe coherence of maLerlal ls reLalned movlng largely lnLacL
or ln broken pleces
W Spread
1hls phenomenon ls characLerlsed by Lhe gradual laLeral dlsplacemenL of
large volumes of dlsLrlbuLed maLerlal over very genLle or flaL Lerraln
lallure ls caused by llquefacLlon whlch ls Lhe process when saLuraLed loose
sedlmenL wlLh llLLle or no coheslon such as sands or sllLs are Lransformed
lnLo a llquldllke sLaLe 1hls process ls Lrlggered by rapld ground moLlon
mosL commonly durlng earLhquakes
AuSLS
W Natura| causes |nc|ude
W elevaLlon of pore waLer pressure by saLuraLlon of slope
maLerlal from elLher lnLense or prolonged ralnfall and
seepage
W vlbraLlons caused by earLhquakes
W undercuLLlng of cllffs and banks by waves or rlver eroslon
W volcanlc erupLlons
W uman causes |nc|ude
W removal of vegeLaLlon
W lnLerference wlLh or changes Lo naLural dralnage
W leaklng plpes such as waLer and sewer reLlculaLlon
W modlflcaLlon of slopes by consLrucLlon of
roads rallways bulldlngs eLc
W overloadlng slopes
W mlnlng and quarrylng acLlvlLles
W vlbraLlons from heavy Lrafflc blasLlng eLc
W excavaLlon or dlsplacemenL of rocks
CW 1C kLCCGNI2L kC8LLMS
W JaLer generaLes Lrlggers mosL slope problems llnd where Lhe waLer ls comlng from
W CeL ouL ln Lhe raln check areas llke hlll slopes gullles drlveway sLreeL dralnage roof guLLers
downspouLs where lL flows where lL goes oncenLraLed flow can cause greaL damage
W JL1 JLAk and S1LL Slope fallure problems are caused by any comblnaLlon
of waLer saLuraLlon and flow weak heavy earLh maLerlals and sLeep slopes
W kemembet wA1k ls tbe most commoo ttlqqet of slope follote!
W S1LL SLCLS roblems occur on sLeep slopes especlally when slope of
one verLlcal Lo Lwo horlzonLal ls exceeded
W u8AlnACL hannels sLreams gulllng pondlng and eroslon on slopes all
lndlcaLe poLenLlal slope problems 8oad and drlveway dralns guLLers down
spouLs and oLher dralnage can concenLraLe and acceleraLe flow Cround
saLuraLlon and concenLraLed veloclLy flow are a ma[or cause of slope problems
and landsllde Lrlggerlng
W uL88lS ueposlLlon of solls and vegeLaLlon aL Lhe base of slopes show eroslon flow
and creep from ground cover above
W vLCL1A1lCn ondlLlon of vegeLaLlon lndlcaLe slope condlLlons 8are slopes may
show eroslon and slldlng 1rees LhaL bend downhlll show creep of upper solls 1rees
LllLlng uphlll may show deep roLaLlonal land slldlng aLches of younger vegeLaLlon
may show former slope fallure PorseLall ferns or oLher weL lovlng planLs ofLen
lndlcaLe saLuraLed ground and sprlngs
W uLlC8MLu S18u1u8LS loundaLlon cracks doors and wlndows ouL of llne or
sLlcklng LllLed floors sagglng decks cracks ln masonry and chlmneys cracks ln
drlveways curbs roads gaps beLween floors walls falllng reLalnlng walls
LllLed power poles can be warnlngs of slope lnsLablllLy
W LCCSL llLL aL Lhe Lop of a slope
due Lo yard wasLe cuL flll land
gradlng or oLher process can
aggravaLe slope lnsLablllLy
1o prevent |ands||de and s|ope stab|||ty prob|ems
W ulvL81 Cn1Aln and safely ulSPA8CL waLer around and away
from unsLable slopes yards and sLrucLures
W use SAnu8ACS Lo dlverL waLer from unconLrolled spllllng such as
over curbs
or from guLLers and downspouLs or from washlng lnLo bulldlngs
W use C8Cunu CvL8 Lo proLecL senslLlve and unsLable areas wlLh
plasLlc
sheeLlng or Larps burlap or oLher maLerlal
W Jood chlps and sLraw may be worked lnLo Lhe surface SLraw bales
can reLard veloclLy flow and eroslon over ground cracks such as
from slldlng or eroslon wlLh plasLlc sheeLlng sLaked or loaded down
wlLh welghLs roLecL cover from wlnd damage or oLher forces
W Cn1Aln lLCJ by dlrecLlng lnLo road guLLers sLorm dralns or non
erodlng sLream beds
W llexlble plasLlc plpe can be qulckly lnsLalled
W 8edlrecL flow away from slopes and properLles
W uo noL concenLraLe flow onLo slopes or your nelghbors properLy or behlnd
reLalnlng walls
W SAlLL? ulSPA8CL concenLraLed waLer Lo a safe nonerodlble slLe such as
a sLorm draln sLreeL guLLer or rock bed of a sLream
W oarse rock or bales of sLraw can reduce Lhe lmpacL of concenLraLed
veloclLy flow and can reduce sedlmenL LransporL
uralnage concenLraLed
and dlscharged onLo loose
flll on Lhe down slope slde of a
house by roof or drlveway and
road dralns ls Lhe mosL domlnanL
Lrlgger of land slldlng ln areas of
resldenLlal developmenL on sLeep
weak slopes
Cn8L1L 8L1AlnlnC JALLS
W oncreLe reLalnlng walls can be consLrucLed Lo wlLhsLand a large varleLy of
sLrucLural loadlng condlLlons
W 1hey are parLlcularly useful ln sLeep slLuaLlons where proLecLlon ls needed
close Lo Lhe Lop or base of a slope
W 1he sLrengLh of Lhe reLalnlng wall ls hlghly dependenL upon Lhe sLrengLh of
Lhe maLerlals lL ls made of and Lhe manner ln whlch Lhey are puL LogeLher
W 8ecause of Lhe deslgn deLall requlred for each slLuaLlon a sLrucLural or
geoLechnlcal englneer should be consulLed when a concreLe reLalnlng wall
ls golng Lo be used
concreLe slopes
prevenL landslldes
8Ck JALLS
W 8ock walls are essenLlally gravlLy walls made of sLacked large rock
W 1hey prlmarlly provlde eroslon proLecLlon and llmlLed earLh supporL
W Slope rock depLh and wall helghL are crlLlcal Lo Lhe sLablllLy of rock walls
W 1herefore Lhey should generally be llmlLed Lo 13 feeL or less ln helghL and
W should be lnsLalled by professlonal rockery landscape lnsLallers
W Lnglneers should deslgn hlgher walls
uanger Slgns lnclude
- 8apld waLer or slurry flow lmpacLlng house
- ln sLeep Lerraln lf flow sLops or ls lrregular
evacuaLe fasL! uebrlsdam bursLs occur very
qulckly
- Pouse cracks acLlvely openlng
- Pouse maklng nolses
- Jalls or floors LllLlng
- Cround cracks openlng under house
- Any porLlon of house falllng away
SAIL1 1IS
W onducL waLer Lo a safe sLorm draln dlscharge polnL
W keep guLLers clean
W llx broken leaklng downspouLs