Understand working principles of motor starters and various protection devices

Motors and Motor Control

Oladokun Sulaiman

Objective
At the end of the lecture students will be able to describe the working principles of motor starters and various protection devices

Motors
A motor is basically a generator running in reverse. A current is passed through the coil, producing a torque and causing the coil to rotate in the magnetic field. Once turning, the coil of the motor generates a back emf, just as does the coil of a generator. The back emf cancels some of the applied emf, and limits the current through the coil.
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Motors and Back emf

The phrase back emf is used for an emf that tends to reduce the applied current When a motor is turned on, there is no back emf initially The current is very large because it is limited only by the resistance of the coil

Motor
DC AC AC Motor Induction motor Synchronous motor Wound rotor motor Operate based on Speed (S)= 120f/p F-Frequency P-Number of poles

Control
Control: getting motors to do what you want them to What you want to control = what you can control
For DC motors:

speed

voltage
windings resistance

R
S

N S

back emf

is a voltage generated by the rotor windings cutting the magnetic field

1.

Induction motor drawn 5-8x full-load current (FLC) when starting 2. Due to maximum flux cutting rate (s = 100%) in rotor- creating large induced rotor currents 3. Supply power factor very low i.e. 0.2 lagging at starting, 0.5 lagging on no-load & 0.85 lagging on full-load 4. This starting surge current reduces as motor accelerates up to rated speed 5. Operating at light loads with low power factor inefficient as supply current higher causing higher IR (copper) losses 6. To improve - reduce supply voltage for light loads motor 7. Achieved with electronic voltage controller i.e. soft-starter and/or energy manager - match supply voltage to start-up & load conditions

Needs for Motor Control

8. 9.

10. 11. 12.

This will maintain operating power factor as high as possible - minimise supply current & power losses Most induction motors have Direct-on-Line (DOL) - inexpensive & simple to operate & maintain provided current surge not cause heating damage to motor When larger motors started by DOL can cause voltage dip due to large starting current May result in malfunction of others - lighting dip & flickering effects To limit, motors started at reduced voltage- full supply reconnected when accelerated close to rated speed - star-delta, auto transformer & electronic "soft" starter

1000

100

Motor Characteristics
Normal Operating Current

10

Time in Seconds
1 0.1

Inrush Current

0.01 1

Current in Amperes

10

100

1000

Motor Inrush Curve

1000

1000

100

100

300 % Overload

Short Circuit

10

10

Time in Seconds

0.1

0.01 1

Time in Seconds
1 0.1 0.01 1

Current in Amperes

10

100

1000

Current in Amperes

10

100

1000

COMPARISON OF STARTERS
600 DIRECT ON LINE STARTING

Current %

400 AUTO TRANSFORMER STARTING STAR DELTA STARTING Slip Auto transformer on % 60% 0

200

0 100

Contactor

Performing switching action to connect/disconnect power supply to motor. Electromagnetically operated 3-pole switch initiated from local, remote stop/start push buttons. If current above rated,

Direct on line
Simple arrangement, used for majority induction motor Motor directly switched onto 3 phase AC power supply lines Further circuit additions remote control & reversing (required extra contactor) Short duration but large starting current Acceptable provided voltage dip < 10~15% during starting For larger motor - unacceptable voltage dip at bus-bars malfunctions of other consumers & possible drop out of supply contactors If prolonged cause supply line & generator protection to trip

Power circuit operation

Control circuit operation

Manual closing of fused isolator Q1 Control circuit voltage available (e.g. 110V from control transformer) Closing of line contactor KM1 KM1 contactor holds-in Press start button I (local or remote) Auxiliary contact on KM1 latches contactor Remote indicator lamp on Press stop button O (local or remote) on overload the OCR trips out the stop button OCR must be manually reset (after thermal time delay)

KM1 contactor drops out, motor stops

Star delta
If motor stator winding is star connected, only 1/3 of starting current required if motor start with delta connected For small motors operated by manual c/o switch For large motors - phase windings automatically switched using timing controlled contactors At initial starting, motor wont rotate, thus no mechanical output produced Therefore, current taken by the motor will determine by supply voltage & impedance of motor phase windings

Power circuit operation

Control circuit operation

Manual closing of fused isolator Q1

Control circuit voltage available (e.g. 110V from control transformer)

Closing contact of KM1: star connection Press start button S2 to close KM1 Closing of KM2: motor supply KM1 closes KM2

Opening of KM1: star connection opens hold in of KM1 KM2 by KM2 auxiliary Closing of KM3: delta connection Opening of KM1 by KM2 auxiliary Closing of KM3 by KM1 auxiliary

KM2 & KM3 contactors drop out, motor Stop by S1 button or OCR trip F1 stops
Note: KM2 has a pair of auxiliary contacts with a time delay action (typically 40ms) between the operating of the N/C and the closing of the N/O contacts.

Comparison if star & delta connection

Ratio of

I L (Y ) I L()

3.Z 1 = = 3 3.VL Z

VL

Current surge from star to delta

Motors generate back emf against power supply when running When supply removed, magnetic field does not collapse immediately Motor will slow down but still generate emf When supply reconnected, supply voltage & motor emf are not in phase Thus each time the starter is operated, different current surge will produced To overcome auto transformer is used where the supply is eventually never disconnected during starting period

Auto transformer
Starting large motor with prolong run-up period demand very high current surge from supply generator even for few seconds Will causes severe voltage dip - affects other loads Reduced voltage starting will limit starting surge current One method step it down using transformer When motor accelerated up to almost rated speed, then reduced voltage will resume to normal Special transformer uses one winding for input & output Thus, cheaper, smaller & lighter than equivalent doublewound transformer Meant for operation of short starting period only Only applicable to large motor drives due to initial cost

Power circuit operation Manual closing of fused isolator Q1 Closing KM1: star connection of transformer Closing KM2: motor supply via transformer Opening KM1: star connection opens Closing KM3: direct supply to motor

Control circuit operation Control circuit voltage available (e.g. 110V from control transformer) Press start button S2 to close KM1 Interlocking of KM3 by KM1 Closing KA1 by KM1 Closing of KM2 by KA1 Hold in of KM2 Opening KM1 by KA1 (after time delay) Closing KM3 by KM1 Interlocking KM1 by KM3

(Note the mechanical interlock of KM1- Hold in of KM3 KM3) Opening of KM2 by KA1 KM3 contactors drop out, motor stop Stop by S1 button or OCR trip F1

Auto transformer - operation

Supply voltage connected across complete winding & motor connected to reduced voltage tapping Number of tapping available - giving output voltage ranging from 50% ~ 80% of main supply If 60% tap supplied at 440 V, output will be 60% x 440 = 264 V Multiple tapping - to match motor current demand to supply capability Autotransformer can be use in both open & closed transition switching sequence between start & run conditions Star delta - reduced voltage initially supplied, disconnected & then full supply voltage rapidly reconnected to motor open transition Danger with open-transition - very large surge current can flow after transition from reduced to full voltage

Soft starter (additional)

Conclusion
DOL starter - simple & cheap but causes large starting surge Star delta starting reduces surge but more complex require 3 contactors & timer Auto transformer - can arranged to match motor surge current & run-up period with suitable voltage but the most expensive one

Controlling speed with voltage

The back emf depends only on the motor speed. The motors torque depends only on the current, I.

e = ke = k I

R V e

DC motor model

Controlling speed with voltage

The back emf depends only on the motor speed. The motors torque depends only on the current, I.

e = ke = k I V = IR + e
How is V related to ?

current when motor is stalled speed = 0 torque = max

Istall = V/R

Consider this circuits V:

R V e

R V= + ke k
- or -

V =- R + ke k ke DC motor model
Speed is proportional to voltage.

speed vs. torque at a fixed voltage

speed

V ke

no torque at max speed

max torque when stalled

torque

kV R

speed vs. torque at a fixed voltage

speed

Linear mechanical power Pm = F v Rotational version of Pm =

V ke

no torque at max speed

torque

kV R

stall torque

speed vs. torque at a fixed voltage

speed

Linear mechanical power Pm = F v Rotational version of Pm =

V ke
max speed

power output

speed vs. torque

torque

kV R

stall torque

Motor specs

Electrical Specifications (@22C) For motor type 1624

003S

006S

012S

024

-------------------------nominal supply voltage armature resistance maximum power output maximum efficiency no-load speed no-load current friction torque(oz-in) stall torque velocity constant back EMF constant torque constant armature inductance

-------(Volts) (Ohms) (Watts) (%) (rpm) (mA) .010 (oz-in) (rpm/v) (mV/rpm) (oz-in/A) (mH)

-------3 1.6 1.41 76 12,000 30 .011 .613 4065 .246 .333 .085

-------6 8.6 1.05 72 10,600 16 .013 .510 1808 .553 .748 .200

--------12 24 1.50 74 13,000 10 .013 .600 1105 .905 1.223 .750

------24 75 1.92 74 14,400 6 .694 611 1.635 2.212 3.00

ke

Back to control
Basic input / output relationship: R V= + ke k
We can control the voltage applied V. We want a particular motor speed .

How to change the voltage?

V is usually controlled via PWM -- pulse width modulation

PWM
PWM -- pulse width modulation

Duty cycle:
The ratio of the On time and the Off time in one cycle Determines the fractional amount of full power delivered to the motor

Open-loop vs. Close-loop Control

Open-loop Control:
V(t)
desired speed

Controller solving for V(t)

Motor

actual speed

If desired speed d actual speedSoa, what?

Closed-loop Control: using feedback

d a
desired d

compute V from the current error PID controller

V Motor

actual speed

Speed control:
Stator voltage control Supply frequency control Rotor resistance control Pole changing

VSD
Conventional control of supply frequency and terminal change of phase to minimize losses counter current /pluging+ regenerative +dynamic Development in speed and torque control From ward leornard system -> thyristor controlled DC drive ->PWM AC variable voltage regulation ->variable frequency converter-> AC VSD or inverter Cost effective method of speed control+ application to high power+relibaility+maintainability+save energy+ improve efficiency+ match speed and torque of drive with process drive Backdrop- complexity

Component Motor drive control unit-power source to motor, increase and decrease motor set point at operator panel+ feed back loop give the driv the actual speed+Power modulation control the speed , torque and power along with direction of motor and machine- i.e converter, inverter, cycloconverter. +sensing unit +operator unit

Different Categories of Overload

Protection
Motor enclosure Totally enclosed , non ventilation Splash proof type Totally enclosed fan cooled Drip proof type Name plate- rating, supply , connection ,frame type and size,permisible temperature,rpm, enclosure type,# of pole.

1. Short-circuit protection of stator windings 2. Stator-overheating protection 3. Rotor-overheating protection 4. Under voltage protection

Motor Protection

Protection
Measurement Temperature Voltage and current Insulation resistance winding resistance Vibration Speed
Testing: No load test Full load test k

Failures: Insulation failure Rotor bar failure Mechanical problem Maintenance Periodic inspectionAccurate shaft alignment or belt tension Check motor heating@ heating- check and clean air filter Keep motor clean and free from dirt Keep motor dry - Check for dampness around and inside motor Check bearing regularly- lubrication at right quantity Vibration analysis- of motor and coupling

 Safely & interrupt prospective short circuit fault current expected in circuit Will trips but can be reset & reused Link mechanism provided, closes main contacts under spring pressure & wipes the surface of fixed contact points - ensuring good electrical contact Main contact open rapidly with snap action Resulting arc transferred to special arcing contacts above the main contact Arc chutes with arc splitter quickly stretch & cool the arc till it snaps Circuit breaker is open when the arc quenched

Circuit Breaker

The Magnetic Trip Block

 Protect circuit from damage faults & over current Designed to blow rapidly before circuit damage takes place Many types and sizes, marked with size of steady current can be carried without blowing - fuse rating Transparent casing
Tinned wire copper

Fuse

Brass cap

Fuse Rating
Important correct rating for normal current flowing in circuit it protects Lower rating - every time switch on, fuse will blow Higher rating promoting positive dangerous circuit with over current flowing without blowing fuse - overheat & can cause fire If fuses blow, must replaced by same type & same rating Position - between supply and the circuit fuses removal means total isolation for the circuit Two main types:
Cartridge fuse High rupturing capacity (HRC) fuse

Checking Fuses: Visual inspection

Relays are amazingly simple devices.

There are four parts in every relay: 1. Electromagnet 2. Armature that can be attracted by the electromagnet 3. Spring 4. Set of electrical contacts

Case study 1: How a relay works?

Case study 2: Under voltage trip

3-ph 440V bus bars

Circuit breaker Fuse

UV relay coil

Generator

Case study 3: Single phasing

Normal Condition
1.4 A

What happened?
0A

1.4 A

M
40 C

2.4 A

(173%)

1.4 A 208V 1/3 HP Motor

2.4 A

(173%)

F.L.A. = 1.4 Amperes

Bi-metallic Single-phasing Protection (differential action)

Single phasing
Occurs when one of three back-up fuses blows or if one of contactor contacts is open-circuited Effect current increase in two remaining lines Cause noisy motor uneven torque produced in rotor Will detect by OCR unequal heating of bi-metal strips causes differential movement, initiate OCR to trip motor contactor For star connected motor phase & line currents are equal, thus OCR has no problem in sensing correct winding current For delta connected uneasy task, therefore, normally line current will divides phasorally between 2 phases of motor windings

I PH =

IL 3

= 0.577 I L

Single phasing

Healthy condition (balanced) % of rated FLC

Single phasing fault condition (unbalanced)

% of rated FLC
IL2 and IL3 IA and IB IC

60 70 100

102 130 243

62 79 129

131 161 185

Facts of single phasing

When one line open circuited, balanced condition will no longer exists Note that current C is higher than others At 60% of full load, due to single-phasing, line currents are 102% of full-load value but current C is 131% 102% may not activate OCR, thus motor remains connected However, local overheating in winding C will quickly get damage Differential type relay used to protect motors against this condition i.e. trips out with unbalanced currents For most modern thermal OCR - protection against singlephasing - normal feature

Effect of single phasing

If single-phasing occurs on light load, motor will keep running unless protection trips contactor If motor stopped, it wont restart When contactor closed, motor will take large starting current but develop no rotating torque OCR - set to allow starting current at prolong period sufficient for start up period With no ventilation on stationary motor - time delay will result rapid & severe overheating Worse case - if operator makes several restart, motor will burn out

Effect of single phasing (cont/..)

If motor fails to start investigate first UV protection - disconnected consumers from supply if total voltage loss / black-out, prevent restarting together resulting huge current surge, tripping generator again For LV motors UV provided by spring loaded motor contactor For large HV motor - UV covered by relay separate from OCR function or part of special motor relay Motor wont restart until contactor coil energised require operator to reset manually For essential services restart automatically after certain delay is utmost important

Willas-Array Solution for Motor Control

Block Diagram 1

AC Input

PWM Signal

BLDC Motor

Hall Sensor (Inside Motor)

Power Management

Control Unit With Motor Control Cell

Gate Driver Gate Driver Gate Driver 3 x Driver IC

Power Stage = 6 x IGBT or MOSFET

IPM Module
Others
Feedback Signal (Speed / Positon)

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Inspection & maintenance

Moving contacts in control gear - wipe phenomenon i.e. if fixed part need to removed, moving part would follow on Rolling / sliding action of contactor - to remove any oxide, ensure good metal-to-metal contact Frequently operate contact subject to worn, bad contact, wipe lost, reduction in contact pressure & overheating regular inspection & cleaning Rough contact surface could lower contact resistance file used sparingly & only on badly burned & pitted contacts Contact restorer - helps reduce mechanical wear, but excess oil / grease encourages burning & pitting Silver-faced & carbon contacts shouldnt be lubricated

Inspection & maintenance (cont/)

Closed copper contacts with long periods tend to build oxide film - cause overheating Operated contact several times to clean surfaces Magnet faces - kept clean & free from grease/oil, rust removed using fine emery Moving parts free, no undue wear at pivots, magnets bedding properly & no filing on magnetic faces Enclosure dirt/rust accumulations, corroded parts, starter fixing bolts & earth bonding connection Contactors & relays signs of overheating & loose connections, dust/grease from insulating components

Inspection & maintenance (cont/)

Contacts excessive pitting & roughness NEVER file silver alloy contacts or remove silver oxide good conductor If need to replace, always replace both fixed & moving contacts in pairs Connections power & control connections for tightness, overheating, fraying & brittleness flexible leads OCR - proper size (relate to motor FLC), dirt/grease/corrosion & freedom of movement Control operation sequence during start-up, control & shut-down, excessive contact sparking, functioning of emergency stop & auto restart