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Another type of pollution is the release of noxious gases, such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and chemical vapors. These can take part in further chemical reactions once they are in the atmosphere, forming smog and acid rain. Pollution also needs to be considered inside our homes, offices, and schools. Some of these pollutants can be created by indoor activities such as smoking and cooking.
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Definition
One of the formal definitions of air pollution is as follows The presence in the atmosphere of one or more contaminants in such quality and for such duration as is injurious, or tends to be injurious, to human health or welfare, animal or plant life.
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Also defined as any atmospheric condition in which certain substances are present in such concentrations that they can produce undesirable effects on man and his environment
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Also defined as pollution referred to troposphere, within which most of the pollutants have a fairly limited life span before they get washed out by rain, removed by reaction or deposited on the ground
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UNPOLLUTED AIR
The gaseous composition of unpolluted air
The Gases
Nitrogen Oxygen Water Argon Carbon Dioxide Neon Helium Methane Krypton Nitrous oxide Hydrogen Xenon Organic vapours
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1272 - King Edward I of England bans use of sea coal 1377 1399 - Richard II restricts use of coal 1413 1422 - Henry V regulates/restricts use of coal 1661 - By royal command of Charles II, John Evelyn of the Royal Society publishes Fumifugium; or the Inconvenience of the Air and Smoke dissipated; together with Some Remedies Humbly Proposed 1784Watts steam engine; boilers to burn fossil fuels (coal) to make steam to pump water and move machinery Smoke and ash from fossil fuels by power plants, trains, ships: coal (and oil) burning = smoke, ash 1907 - Formation of the predecessor to the Air & Waste Management Association 1930 - 1950s - Air Pollution Episodes
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1955 First Federal Air Pollution Control Act - funds for research (USA) 1960 Motor Vehicle Exhaust Act - funds for research (USA) 1963 Clean Air Act (USA) -Three stage enforcement -Funds for state and local agencies 1965 Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act (USA) -Emission regulations for cars to begin in 1968 1967 Air Quality Act (USA) -Criteria documents -Control technique documents 1970 Clean Air Act Amendments (USA) -National Ambient Air Quality Standards -New Source Performance Standards
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Winter: cold, stable weather conditions trap pollutants close to sources and prevent dispersion. Elevated concentrations of range of pollutants build up over several days
Summer: hot and sunny weather. Pollutants emitted within the U.K. or Europe transported long distances, reacting with each other in sunlight to produce high levels of ozone, & other photochemical pollutants.
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Hundreds Troubled by 'World Trade Center Cough NYC fire fighters, school workers have 9/11 breathing problems, new studies say
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Community air exposure -This is most serious, complex, consists of varieties of assortment of pollution sources, meteorological factors, and wide variety of adverse social, economical, and health effects.
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Carbon Monoxide
Produced by burning of organic material (coal, gas, wood, trash, etc.) Automobiles biggest source (80%) Cigarette smoke another major source Toxic because binds to hemoglobin, reduces oxygen in blood Not a persistent pollutant, combines with oxygen to form CO2 Most communities now meet EPA standards, but rush hour traffic can produce high CO levels
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Sulphur Dioxide
Produced by burning sulfur containing fossil fuels (coal, oil) Coal-burning power plants major source Reacts in atmosphere to produce acids One of the major components of acid rain When inhaled, can be very corrosive to lung tissue London -1306 banned burning of sea coal -1952 killer fog: 4,000 people died in 4 weeks
tied to sulfur compounds in smog
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Produced from burning of fossil fuels Contributes to acid rain, smog Automobile engine main source
Nitrogen Oxides
New engine technology has helped reduce, but many more cars
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Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons - organic compounds with hydrogen, carbon
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Particulates
Particulates - small pieces of solid materials and liquid droplets (2.5 mm and 10 mm) Examples: ash from fires, asbestos from brakes and insulation, dust Easily noticed: e.g. smokestacks Can accumulate in lungs and interfere with the ability of lungs to exchange gases.
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Some particulates are known carcinogens Those working in dusty conditions at highest risk (e.g., miners) Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) PM1 having size <= 1m: effects in alveoli -PM2.5 having size <= 2.5m: effects trachea -PM10 having size <= 10m: effects in nasal part only<
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Secondary Pollutants
Ozone PAN (peroxy acetyl nitrate) Photochemical smog Aerosols and mists (H2SO4)
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It is both a natural and a man-made product that occurs in the Earth's upper atmosphere (the stratosphere) and lower atmosphere (the troposphere).
Tropospheric ozone what we breathe -- is formed primarily from photochemical reactions between two major classes of air pollutants, volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NOX).
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PAN
Smog is caused by the interaction of some hydrocarbons and oxidants under the influence of sunlight giving rise to dangerous peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN).
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Photochemical smog
Photochemical smog is a mixture of pollutants which includes particulates, nitrogen oxides, ozone, aldehydes, peroxyethanoyl nitrate (PAN), unreacted hydrocarbons, etc. The smog often has a brown haze due to the presence of nitrogen dioxide. It causes painful eyes.
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Mortality
150
Morbidity
100
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An estimated 487,000 premature deaths in Asia occur each year due to outdoor air pollution1
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Modern concerns relate more to the lung than the respiratory tract
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PARTICULATE MATTER
Size matters particles need to be <3 m to get deep in lung
http://www.uihealthcare.com/news/ currents/vol2issue4/1lungimagingfi g1.html http://classes.yale.edu/fractals/Pan orama/Biology/Physiology/Physiolo gy.html http://www.becomehealthynow.com /popups/alveoli_bh.htm http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/hac/asbes May 4, 2012 tospanel/appendix_e.html
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