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Russian Empire V/S British Empire, France , the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia

The Crimean War


October 1853February 1856

Cause: It was part of a long-running contest between the major

European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. Area: Crimean Peninsula, western Turkey , the Baltic Sea , the Pacific Ocean and the White Sea. In Russia it is also known as the "Oriental War" , and in Britain it is known as the "Russian War".

The Crimean War


October 1853February 1856

France and Britain declared war on Russia on 27 March

and 28 March 1854 Background: After coup d'tat of 1851 in France, Napoleon III sent his ambassador to the Ottoman Empire forced the Ottomans to recognize France as the "sovereign authority" in the Holy Land Russia did not accept the change in authority, pointing to two more treaties, one in 1757 and the 1774 Treaty of Kuchack Keinarji

The Crimean War


October 1853February 1856

the Ottomans reversed their earlier decision, renouncing

the French treaty and insisting that Russia was the protector of the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire. Napoleon III responded with a show of force; sending the ship of the line Charlemagne to the Black Sea. France's aggressive diplomacy and money, induced Sultan Abdlmajieed I to accept a new treaty. France and the Roman Catholic Church became the supreme Christian authority in the Holy Land with control over the Christian holy places and possession of the keys to the Church of the Nativity, previously held by the Greek Orthodox Church.

The Crimean War


October 1853February 1856

Tsar Nicholas I then deployed his Army along the River

Danube, and had his foreign minister, undertake talks with the Ottomans. Nicholas I and Foreign Minister Nesselrode began a diplomatic offensive Russia Claimed it had an obligation to Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire. Demanded a new treaty with the Ottomans which would allow Russia the same rights of intervention in the affairs of the Orthodox religion as recently allowed France in respect of Catholic churches and churchmen. Such a treaty would allow Russia to control the Orthodox Church's hierarchy in the Ottoman Empire.

The Crimean War


October 1853February 1856

British Government convinced the Sultan to reject the

treaty, which compromised the independence of the Turks The Tsar marched his armies into the Danubian Principalities ( Moldavia and Wallachia along the Danube, under Ottoman sovereignty, in which Russia was acknowledged as a special guardian of the Orthodox Church) Britain sent a fleet to the Dardanelles, where it joined another fleet sent by France. The representatives of the four neutral Great Powers Britain, France, Austria and Prussia met in Vienna, where they drafted a note

The Crimean War


October 1853February 1856

Nicholas I; accepted but rejected by Abdlmajeed I


The Sultan formally declared war on 23 October 1853

and proceeded to the attack Russia and the Ottoman empire massed forces on two main fronts, the Caucasus and the Danubian front. The Ottoman leader Omar Pasha managed to pull in some victories on the Danubian front. In the Caucasus, the Ottomans were able to stand ground with the help of Chechen Muslims, led by Imam Shamil.

The Crimean War


October 1853February 1856

The Battle of Sinop on 30 November 1853 Russia destroyed a frigates of Ottomans while they

were anchored at the port of Sinop, northern Anatolia By 28 March 1854, after Russia ignored an AngloFrench ultimatum to withdraw from the Danubian Principalities, Britain and France had formally declared war. Austria threatened by the Russian forces supported Britain and France Russia then withdrew its troops from the Danubian principalities, which were then occupied by Austria

The Crimean War


October 1853February 1856

This removed the original grounds for war, but Britain and

France continued with hostilities. Determined to address the Eastern Question by putting an end to the Russian threat to the Ottoman Empire, the allies proposed several conditions for a peaceful resolution, including: 1. Russia was to give up its protectorate over the Danubian Principalities 2. It was to abandon any claim granting it the right to interfere in Ottoman affairs on behalf of Orthodox Christians 3. The Straits Convention of 1841 was to be revised 4. All nations were to be granted access to the River Danube When the Tsar refused to comply with these Four Points, the Crimean War commenced.

The Crimean War


October 1853February 1856

One of the aims of the Russian advance was to

encourage the Serbs and Bulgars living under Ottoman rule to rebel In June 1854 the Allied expeditionary force landed in the region and the Crimean campaign opened in September 1854 The peace of Paris in March 1856 put an end to war

The Crimean War


October 1853February 1856

The Congress of Paris


The Tsar and the Sultan agreed not to establish any

naval or military arsenal on the Black Sea coast. All the Great Powers pledged to respect the independence and territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire. The Treaty of Paris stood until 1871, when France was defeated by Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 18701871.

The Crimean War


October 1853February 1856

Russia, exploiting nationalist unrest in the Ottoman

states in the Balkans and seeking to regain lost prestige, once again declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 24 April 1877. In this later Russo-Turkish War the states of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro achieved independence and Bulgaria its autonomy.

The Crimean War


October 1853February 1856

Significance: The first "modern war The weaponry and tactics used had never been seen before and affected all other wars after it First tactical use of railways and the electric telegraph The first war covered by press, through photography and journalists The first war with real field hospitals Women served as army nurses The work of Florence Nightingale, Mary Seacole, Frances Margaret Taylor and others led to the introduction of modern nursing methods.

The Crimean War


October 1853February 1856

The Russian military medicine saw dramatic progress:

N. I. Pirogov, known as the father of Russian field surgery, developed the use of anesthetics, plaster casts, and enhanced amputation methods in Crimea. The war also led to the establishment of the Victoria Cross in 1856 (backdated to 1854), the British Army's first universal award for valour.

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