2.0 INTRODUCTI ON 2.4 PERCEPTION CHARACTERIST ICS 2.8 PERCEPTION ORGANIZATI ON 2.12 CATEGORIES OF LOGIC 2.

16 INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE LOGIC

2.1 DEFINITION OF PERCEPTION 2.5 FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTION S STIMULATION 2.9 PERCEPTION AND INTUITION 2.13 SCIENTIFIC WORK ABOUT LOGIC 2.17 METHODS TO CHANGE PERCEPTIONLOGIC

2.2 PERCEPTION SYNTHESIS 2.6 STIMULATIO N FEATURE TOWARDS PERCEPTION 2.10 PERCEPTION AND LOGIC 2.14 AREA OF LOGIC

2.3 TYPES OF PERCEPTION

2.7 PERCEPTION ERROR

2.11 LOGIC IN A GLANCE

2.15 LOGIC IN DAILY LIFE

2.18 CONCLUSION

Introduction
Perception the most important element in thinking process/cognitive process Creative and critical thinking involve perceptual ability to interrelate, to receive and to supplement Wide and flexible perception easy to be creative and critical thinker

 Gestalt perception is a conscious process involving individual reaction towards stimulus from environment. According to Edward de Bono (1969), thinking is a process that happened in 2 phases:
1st phase: perception 2nd phase: logic

Definition of perception
Perception is the first phase of thinking process. Second phase is logic. Perception influence what seen by logic. In short, perception determine logic. (Edward de Bono, 1969) Perception is the process in which sensory experiences are organized and made meaningful. (Newman, 1983) Perception is a process where a human knows about objects and objective events through sensation. (Chaplin, 1985)

 Perception is a process whereby a person interpret stimulus sensation and gives meaning to it. It is also a conscious and reaction of an individual towards stimulus, which is their personal nature. Perception is also a meaningful pole. Actually it does not happened automatically, but it takes a long time, which include interpretation and proper understanding. (Mohd. Salleh, 1995) Perception is interpretation of what is seen by eyes, or in other way perception is meaning given to what is seen by eyes. (Abdullah and Ainon, 1996) It is a process in which brain received information from senses, restructuring it back and give meaning to it. (Boon and Ragbir, 1998)

Perception synthesis
Perception process enable us understand our environment. Observing process happened in two phases:
1st phase: eyes send information to the brain 2nd phase: brain tells the eyes what is seen

(refer to next figure)

How cognitiveperception process creates mental pole in our mind?

Perception process
Phase 1 Sensory stimulation See Taste Feel Touch Smell File 1 Subsub file File 2 Information accepted Phase 2

Senses tell the brain what is seen Phase

3

Collect & informatio n filing File 3 Subsub file

Mental set prepared acceptin g any concepti on File 4

Subsub file

Mental pola

Sub-sub file

 Thinking involved two important process (Ainon & Abdullah, 1995):

Biology Perception

Perception is a pole set about any concept and meaning that resembles in our mind. These set of poles we get from surveillance,observationand direct participation of our surroundings.

Cognitive process

Analysis via synthesis Stimulatio n input

Generate hypothesis and associate with related scheme from memory

Perception Hypothes is
- Interpretation from sensory data (knowledge) - Perception is not static - e.g. Necker Cube

Experienc es and contexts

-Past experiences - e.g. old & young lady

No

There are similarities/rel evance between new & old information

Yes

Identifyi ng stimulati

Perception changes depending on the environmental change

Perception is personal

Perception characteristics
Perception happen continuously Perception is very selective

Contrast factor

Factors influencing perceptions stimulation

Foreground and background relationship

Personal factor

Expectation

Concentratio n

Object order

Time range

Mental set

Self motivation

Past experience

Changing and moving object

Extraordinar y stimulus

STIMULATI ON FEATURE TOWARDS PERCEPTIO N

Inner factor and interest Opposite stimulus

Perception error
Human is created with weaknesses spiritually, emotionally, intellectually, and physically. Richard (1989) human weaknesses in translating perception happened because of the total prediction power while human is translating input received through their environment.

Negative perception Narrow insight perception Common mistakes of perception (Ainon & Abdullah, 1996) Personal perception

Self value perception

Macro perception

Black & white perception

BIG & small perception

Perception organization
Perception enable us to look for certain information only. Then information was kept in memory become experience As a human, we have to be clever to organize perception, to be suitable for creative and critical thinking.

 It is important in a process of problem solving and decision making. Creative thinking can generate many ideas and solving in different perspectives. Creative thinking techniques: need to be learnt
Expand perception in viewing and solving problems Widen observation towards something better

Perception and intuition

Other than senses, divine revelation and intelligence, intuition is also a way of thinking. Intuition is experience gained without a certain thinking process. Intuition works subconsciously. Perception of the possibilities inherent in a situation. (Carl Jung) Intuition use subconscious mind for information to come and go.

 Intuition functioned in perception. Perception translating; intuition widen the dimension of perception Intuition helps to:
How perception can be translated correctly? How was it built? What is the implication to other situation? How should we react? What is the new idea that can we derive in our mind?

Differences between logic and intuition

Logic Inductive and deductive method Objective, can be seen by others Concrete, can be tell to others, can be feel together Intuition Direct experience, without thinking process Only for that certain individual Subjective and can not be feel by others

Perception and logic

Perception and logic interdependent each other. Perception collecting pole; logic set of assumption for the poles Logic is useful for:
Looking into relationship of cause and effect Making conclusion for something To defend argument for the purpose of supporting or rejecting any ideas

Inference

Mind logic

Nature logic

Inductive

Deductive

Daily life event - Communication; watching - Shopping; observing - Walking, studying, playing

Specific General

General Specific

Logic in a glance
Logichasexisted thousands of years ago. Logic is derived from human intelligence. Three major ages of logic:
Classical age Islamic era Modern age

Traditional logic

Symbolic logic

Pragmatic logic

ories ateg C lo g ic ) of
0 , 199 (Jujun

Epistemolo gy logic

Multi-values logic

Science logic

Scientific work about logic

Scientific work contributed to the traditional logic Scientific work of Greece have been translated by Islamic scholars: alFarabi Improve to suit with Islam, and not confusing Islam practitioner Western also translated Islamic books into English

 Some of the books are:

Organom; The prior Analytics (Aristotle) Novum Organom (Francis Bacon) The Advancement of Learning (Francis Bacon) Nouveaux essais sur (Pascal) A System of Logic (John Stewart Mill) A Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason and Seeking Truth in the Science (Descrates) Essays Concerning Human Understanding (John Locke)

Area of logic
Logic is a tool or basis for other knowledge area (Bolton, 1976). Logic is the head of knowledge, whoever did not learnt about logic, their knowledge could not be believed Imam al-Ghazali Knowledge with strong logic basis are religion, philosophy, applied and natural science, language, mathematics, calculus, space,

Classical age
Logic called as pure logic Since 600 B.C., Heraclitus age Aristotle create very useful logic basis Scholars in Classical age:
Heraclitus Socrates Plato Pythagoras

Emphasize on theory formation Characterist ics

Closely related with philosoph y Closely related with language and rhetoric

Logic as argumentati on

Closely related with theology

Islamic era
Logic in golden age of Islam is influenced by classical age Translated by scholars al-Farabi, alKindi Given new dimension in scientific research Scholars:
Ibn Sina Ibn Haitham Imam al-Ghazali

Al-Quran and divinity

History writing

Characteristic s

Language review

Mathematics verification

Modern age
Scholars trying to find alternative to improve Rene Descartes discover more dynamic logic system dialectic Now logic is more scientific and empirical Scholars:
Galileo Newton Pascal

Based on deductive and intellect induction

Characteristics

Observational and experimental

Research (theory, hypothesis, statistics)

Logic in daily life

Logic as guideline while thinking and decision making process. Logic can determine what is wrong and what is right. Weaknesses of logic: what is correct in logic is not necessarily correct in the real situation. But logic mistakes is small compared to perception mistakes. Creation of universe can not be

Important to understand Quran and Hadith

To defend opposites argument

The use of logic in everyday life

Delete deviant and ridiculous thought Educate people to speak the truth

Deductive and inductive logic

Deductive logic: some set of general assumptions that produce one specific statement (syllogism one conclusion built from minor and major premises) Inductive logic: one specific statement built from some set of general assumptions

Deductive logic

Inductive logic
Specific statement

General assumptions

General assumptions Specific statement

Deductive logic General specific Syllogism consist of 2 premises and 1 conclusion

Major premise: small (basis of argument) statement that support or reject something that is true or not Conclusion deduction that been created from the application major and minor premises (if both of the premises is true, the conclusion will be true)

Inductive logic Specific general Observe and analyze existing data Create hypothesis to link the data Science and natural science research

 Intellect logic: to solve mathematic problems Nature logic: to interact Intellect logic will not be congenial with nature logic Intellect logic emphasize concrete perception, whereas nature logic emphasize reasoning perception Another type of logic: dialectics logic uses argument in the form of Q & A

 Three phases of logic:

Perfection and extremity

Individual experience

Repetition

Logics weakness es

Unbalanced

Perceptions restrain

One sided

Conclusion
Every human being has perception. Perception enable human to know a lot things, events, objects. Good and positive perception is beneficial for human. However, bad perception can also bring goodness. Perception MUST BE and HAVE TO BE controlled. Controller intellect, lust and faith!