Introduction to Computer Networks

Chapter 1

Chapter 1

Chapter Objectives

Explain the need of networks Explain history of computer networks (ARPANET) Explain the types of computer networks Explain Client/Server configuration Explain layers of OSI model Explain network selection criteria Network Application Explain Standards Organizations
2

Chapter 1

Computer Network

Interconnection of two or more computers and peripherals Allows user to share and transfer information

Chapter 1

Need of Computer Networks

Sharing Resources Reduced Cost Reduced time Scalability Reliability Security

Chapter 1

History of Computer Networks (ARPANET)

ARPA designed for Department of Defense (DOD), US Small computers were connected to large mainframe computers IMPs were connected to each other through modem Supported different operating systems Telenet and ftp services was provided by ARPANET
5

Chapter 1

Types of Computer Networks

Networks are classified depending on the geographical area covered by the network
Computer Networks

Local Area Network (LAN)

Chapter 1

Campus Area Network (CAN)

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

Wide Area Network (WAN)

6

Local Area Network (LAN) - I

Covers a small area Connects computers and workstations covering a local area like, office or home

Chapter 1

Local Area Network (LAN) - II

Advantages of LAN: Improves productivity due to faster work Provides easy maintenance New systems can be installed and configured easily Disadvantages of LAN: Limited number of systems can only be connected Cannot cover large area Network performance degrades as number of users exceeds
8

Chapter 1

Campus Area Network (CAN)

Made up of multiple LANs within limited area Connects different LANs in a campus

Chapter 1

Metropolitan Area Network

Interconnects networks within a city Supports data and voice transmission

Chapter 1

10

Wide Area Network

Covers a wide geographical area which includes multiple computers or LANs e.g. Internet

Chapter 1

11

Comparison of Networks
LAN
Connects computers and workstations in office or home.

CAN

MAN

WAN

Connects two or more Interconnects Connects LANs within a networks in a town or geographically campus. a city. separated LANs. Covers larger area Spans large than LAN but smaller geographical area area than WAN with more than 100 Kms. an area of 2 to 100 Kms.

Covers a local area of Covers privately 1 Km. owned campus with an area of 5 to 10 Kms. Data Transmission Rate 10/100 Mbps

Data Transmission Data Transmission Data Transmission Rate Variable Rate - Variable Rate 64 Kbps or 2 Mbps

Uses IEEE standard. Low cost

Chapter 1

802

____
High cost

Uses IEEE 802 Uses ITU standard. standard. High cost (Repetitive) High cost (Repetitive)
12

Case Study - I
MoneyMaker is a bank having its registered office at Delhi. It has branches at Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad and Bangalore. The operating departments in the bank are Finance, Insurance, Loan, IT, Marketing, Customer Service and HR. MoneyMaker bank uses LAN as their computer network for each department. All the branches of the bank from different cities are connected through WAN. The bank is expanding and decided to open its branches at different locations in the city.

Chapter 1

13

Problem

Determine which type of network to be used within a city

Chapter 1

14

Suggested Solution

Use LAN computer network for each department in the new branch. MAN can be used for connecting the different branches of the bank within the city

Chapter 1

15

Client/Server Configuration

Consists of two elements, Client and Server Server: A centralized element which provides resources to client Manages data, printers or network traffic Client: Manages local resources used by users such as monitor, keyboard, CPU and peripherals

Chapter 1

16

OSI Model

Run it through CBT

Chapter 1

17

Network Selection Criteria

Helps to improve network functionality

Network Criteria

Performance

Reliability

Security

Chapter 1

20

Network Applications

Financial Institution (Banking Sector) Communication Services (Telecom Industry) Internet Service (WWW, ISP)

Chapter 1

21

Standards Organizations

Also known as Standards Development Organization (SDO) Develop, maintain, improve and revise standards Classified as: ISO Creates world wide industrial and commercial standards ITU-T Standardizes and regulates international radio and telecommunication IEEE Develops standards for power & energy, IT, telecommunication, biomedical and healthcare ANSI Creates standards for computer industry e.g. FDDI
22

Chapter 1

Summary - I

Computer network enables the user to share data and network resources Network allows remote users to communicate with each other Computer networks are divided into LAN, CAN, MAN and WAN depending on the coverage area LAN is a small network and easy to create Client/Server configuration also called as two-tier architecture, consist of two nodes, client and server
23

Chapter 1

Summary II

OSI model consists of seven layers and provides standards for computer communication Physical layer is responsible for actual transmission of bits over the medium Data Link layer is responsible for node to node delivery of frames Network layer is responsible for end to end delivery of packets, and routing

Chapter 1

24

Summary - III

Transport layer is responsible for end to end delivery of the entire message Session layer is responsible for establishing, managing and terminating sessions Presentation layer is responsible for translation, encryption and data compression Application layer is responsible for providing access to the network

Chapter 1

25

Summary - IV

Performance, reliability and security are the network selection criterion which enables to choose efficient network Standards organizations like ISO and ANSI develop technical and non- technical standards International standards organizations are International Standard Organization (ISO), International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
26

Chapter 1