Chapter 9 Europe Early History

Section 1 Classical Europe

Classical Europe is in the time of 800 B.C.E to 400 A.C.E. In the classical times, Greece had been a city state or polis. It changed from being ruled by a king to almost ruled by the people, democracy. Athens was the first democratic city-state, artist produced work under philosophy, love of wisdom. Rome is a republic, were people chose the leaders. People in Rome are ruled by two consuls, individuals they elect to represent them. Consuls report to the senate, landowners serving for life Later emperors defeated senators and ruled Rome as and expanding empire.

 In the middle ages, Christianity was a major power. Each major Christian community had a leader called a bishop. In the A.D. 500 the bishops of Rome were called popes, and ruled the catholic church As Christianity rose, popes sent missionaries, teachers of Christianity, to all parts of Europe. Men missionaries were known as monks and lived in monasteries. Women missionaries were known as nuns and lived in convents.

Section 2 Part 1 Medieval Europe

 Common law is the unwritten law that come from local customs. It strengthened roman law Medieval political and social system was called feudalism and is based on agriculture In feudalism if a lord gave a knight land to work, own, and govern, they would become their vassal, loyal protectors of a lord. The feudal estate and economic unit is called the manor. There are two types of farmers, one of them is a tenant. They paid rent for land and used it as they pleased.

Section 2 Part 2 Medieval Europe

Section 2 Part 3 Medieval Europe

The other type of farmers was serfs. For the equipment they had to work as ordered. Organizations called guilds control manufacturing. Younger workers called apprentices worked in hope to join a guild. Later, powerful kings gave privileges and freedoms in written documents called charters.

Section 3 Part 1 The Beginning of Modern Times

After European reformation, people disagreed with church leaders in selling indulgences, documents to free people of sins. Because the people protested against church leaders they were known as protestants. The protestants started a new reform or change After Christopher Columbus exploration of Americas, ideas, people, and diseases were distributed in a process called the Columbian exchange.

Section 3 Part 2 The Beginning of Modern Times

Revolution is a great and often violent change. In 1800s the belief in divine right of kings, kings and queens of Europe by gods will, was fading Britain developed a popular system of government called parliament, where they took power in name of people. Later the British king and queens were forced to share power in a constitution.