Chapter 5: Operational Amplifiers

introduction

Introduction
The operational amplifier or op-amp is a circuit of components integrated into one chip. A typical op-amp is powered by two dc voltages and has an inverting(-) and a non-inverting input (+) and an output.

An op amp is an electronic device which provides a voltage output based on the voltage input

introduction

Basic op-amp

Op-amp has two inputs that connect to two terminals and one output
introduction

Operational Amplifiers
Five important pins

2 3 6 4 7

The The The The The

inverting input non-inverting input output negative power supply V- (-Vcc) positive power supply V+ (+Vcc)

introduction

Operational Amplifiers

The output of the op amp is given by the following equation:

and

Vd = E1 E2 Vo = AVOL(Vd)

AVOL is called the open-loop voltage gain because it is the gain of the op amp without any external feedback from output to input
introduction

Operational Amplifiers

Positive Saturation where the output voltage exceeds the positive power input

introduction

Operational Amplifiers

Linear Region where the output voltage is linear based on A (gain)

introduction

Operational Amplifiers

Negative Saturation where the output voltage would be less than the negative power input

introduction

Operational Amplifiers

introduction

What do they really look like?

introduction

IC Circuit

introduction

Operational Amplifiers

introduction

Operational Amplifiers
An ideal op-amp has infinite gain and bandwidth, we know this is impossible.
However, op-amps do have: very high gain very high input impedance(Zin = ) very low output impedance (Zout = 0)

wide bandwidth.

introduction

Application in op-amp

There are 2 types of application in op-amp Linear application Non-linear application Linear application is where the op-amp operate in linear region: Assumptions in linear application: Input current, Ii = 0 Input voltage: V+=V Feedback at the inverting input

application

Application in op-amp

Non-linear application is where the op-amp operate in non-linear region By comparing these two input voltages: positive input voltages, V+ and negative input voltage, V- where: VO = VCC if V+ > VVO = -VEE if V+ < VInput current, Ii = 0

application

Applications of op-amp

Comparator Inverter Audio amplifier Difference Amplifier Filter Summing Amplifier

application

Op-amp Circuit Application

Inverting Amplifier Non-Inverting Amplifier Summing Amplifier Unity Follower Difference Amplifier Integrators Differentiators

application

Application: Inverting amplifier

Provide a constant gain multiplier Input signal is connected to the inverting input of the opamp. Therefore, the output signal is 180 degree out of phase from the input signal Rf is the feed-back resistor to control the voltage gain of application:inverting amplifier the op-amp

Summary of op-amp behavior

Vo = A(V+ - V)

Vo/A = V+ - V
Let A then, V+ - V 0 infinity

application:inverting amplifier

Summary of op-amp behavior

V+ = V
I+ = I = 0
Seems strange, but the input terminals to an op-amp act as a short and open at the same time
application:inverting amplifier

To analyze an op-amp circuit for linear operation

Write node equations at + and - terminals (Ii=I+ = I- = 0) Set V+ = VSolve for Vo

application:inverting amplifier

Analysis of inverting amplifier

If

V = 0I i = 0 I 1= I f I i V s V V V o = R1 Rf V= V = 0 Vo Rf Rf =V o =Vs Vs R1 R1

I1

Ii

application:inverting amplifier

Application:Non-inverting amplifier

application:non-inverting amplifier

Non-inverting configuration
V i= V = V use KCL : I 1= I i I 2 while I i = 0 ; so : 0 V R1

I2
I1 Vi Ii

V V o R2 0 V i R1 = V i V o R2

insert V = V i ; V o= V i 1 R2 R1

Application: Summing amplifier

Virtual-ground equivalent circuit.

application:summing amplifier

Summing Amplifier
Rf V1 V = V= 0 R2 use KCL : V2 R3 I R1 I R2 I R3 = I i I Rf V3 while I i = 0 ; V 1 V V 2 V V 3 V V V o so : = R1 R2 R3 Rf V1 V 2 V3 V o insert V = 0 ; = R1 R2 R3 R f V1 V 2 V 3 V o= R f R1 R2 R3 R1

This circuit is called

a weighted summer

Application: Unity Follower

V O= V 1
application:unity-follower

Application: Difference amplifier

R1 = R 2 R 3= R4

R4 V O= V 1 V 2 R2
application:difference amplifier

Application: Instrumentation Amplifier

V
O=

R2 R1

2R A R B R2

V 2 V 1

RA

R1

Buffer
R2

RB RA

R1

R2

Difference amplifier
application:instrumentation amplifier

Application:Integrator
I IC

Capaci tan ce impedance : 1 1 X C= = jC sC

Feedback component = capacitor : Integrator

I= Ii IC vi t dv 0 t =0 C R dt 1 vo t = vi t dt RC

application:integrator

Application: Differentiation

I C= I R

application:differentiator

dv i t V v o t C = dt R dv i t v o t = RC dt

Exercise 1
Find VO?

exercise

Exercise 2
Find V2 and V3?

exercise

Exercise 3
Find VO?

exercise

Exercise 4
Find VO?

exercise

Recall: Non-linear application in op-amp

Non-linear application is where the op-amp operate in non-linear region By comparing these two input voltages: positive input voltages, V+ and negative input voltage, V- where: VO = VCC if V+ > VVO = -VCC if V+ < VInput current, Ii = 0

non-linear application

Non-linear application: Comparator

non-linear application:comparator

Non-linear application: Comparator

(a) Input Voltage of Comparator

VS(V)

Compare V+ and VV+=0 V-=VS

When: VS>0,V+>VVS<0,V+<Vso Vo=10V so Vo=-5V

Vo(V) 10

-5
(b) Output Voltage of Comparator

non-linear application:comparator

Non-linear application Schmitt Trigger

Positive Feedback
-

R1 V = VO R1 R f

non-linear application:schmitt trigger

Non-linear application Schmitt Trigger

V = R1 R1 R f assume R1= R f and V CC = V EE = 15 V with initial state V o= 15 V and V S = V = 10 sin t V 1 V = 15 = 7 . 5V 2
(a) Transfer Characteristic of Schmitt Trigger

VO

VS(V) (b) Input Voltage of Schmitt Trigger 7.5

t -7.5

Vo(V)
15

Vo(V)
15

-10 -7.5 -15

7.5

10

VS(V)
-15
(c) Output Voltage of Schmitt Trigger

non-linear application:schmitt trigger