Applications of Conformal Mappings for Electromagnetics

Yuya Saito Electrical and Computer Engineering

Introduction
Modern applications of conformal mapping

Heat Transfer
Transient Heat Conduction

Fluid Flow
Hydrodynamics and Aerodynamics

Electromagnetics
Static field in electricity and magnetism, Transmission line and Waveguide, and Smith Chart etc

Conformal Mappings for Electromagnetics

Conformal Mapping values z-plane iy

v1 x v2 z=x+jy

z=f(w)

z, w: complex w-plane w=u+jv

u v2

iv v1

Mapping a region in one complex plane onto another complex plane

For Electromagnetics u=constant blue line v=constant red line) potential) Electrical Flux Magnetic Field (or electrical

Capacitance V

a
a1 d1

b1

a1b1 C ! Ir d1 a1 C ! Ir d1
r
Two dimensional problem if b1=1

Electrical Flux

Coaxial Cable
the capacitance per unit length

T T (I 0 E ) y ds ! V v dv
s V

Q C! V

Gausss Law
a b

Ir
I E field H field

2TI r C! ln b / a

Conformal Mapping for the Coaxial Cable y

3 4 5 6
a

Z-plane

4 5

3 2

6 7 8

r
8
b

x
Mapping Function

2
8 7 6

W-plane
C ! Ir a1 d1

W ! LogZ ! Logr  iU

a1

5 4 3 2 1

C!

2TI r ln b / a

E field H field

= u + iv
u ! Loga
r!a U !0

u
r !b U !0

d1

u ! Logb

Transmission Lines for Microwave Circuits

Air Bridge

Center conductor Ground Plane

r

Transistor
Center conductor

Resistor

Substrate

Ground

Microstrip Line

Coplanar Waveguide

Slot line

Coplanar Waveguide (CPW)

Center Conductor

Ground Plane

y air

Current
r

x
Unit length

Substrate

Cross section

How can we derive the capacitance of unit per length? Schwarz-Christoffel Transformation

Schwarz-Christoffel Transformation

y
P4
4 3

Z-plane P3

v X1 X2
(P1) (P2)

w-plane

P5
5 2 1

x
P2

X3 X4 X5
(P3) (P4) (P5)

P1

dz ' ' ! A( w  x1' ) (E1 / T )1 ( w  x2 ) (E 2 / T ) 1 ( w  xn ) (E n / T ) 1 dw

+ u

SC transformation for CPWs SC transformation y

Metal thickness is small enough

air + x

Assumption Ground plane is long enough Substrate thickness is large enough The thickness of the metal is small enough

-
Substrate
r

-i

SC Transformation for CPWs

Z-plane y Symmetry -
r

SC transfrom air
/2 rad /2 rad

+ x
/2 rad

v
air

/2 rad

-i

Parallel plate capacitor!! E-field

SC Transformation for CPWs Z-plane y -

-b -a a b

air + x

dw A ! dz ( z 2  a 2 )( z 2  b 2 )

W-plane iv

u1

dw !

Adz ( z 2  a 2 )( z 2  b 2 )

u1 ! K (k )
where A :constant, k=a/b

u
0 u1=K(k)

K (k )
First kind complete elliptic function

SC Transformation for CPWs Z-plane y -

-b -a a b

air + x

u1  iv1

u1

dw !

Adz ( z 2  a 2 )( z 2  b 2 )

v1 ! K (k ' )
where A :constant, k2=1-k2

W-plane v

u1+iv1=K(k)+iK(k) K(k)

u1 2 K (k ) C ! Ir ! Ir v1 K (k ' )

The substrate case is the same as the air region case

Consideration of the assumption

Assumption y
Metal thickness is small enough

Ground plane is long enough

air + x

Substrate thickness is large enough The thickness of the metal is small enough

-
Substrate
r

-i

Can we still use Conformal Mapping???

Finite length of the ground plane

Z-plane

y
a b

air + c x
Symmetry

y
a b

-
-b -a -c Substrate

+ c x
Substrate

-i
Mapping Function

t ! z2
T-plane
air

/2 rad SC Transformation t3
+

/2 rad

0 t1

t2

Substrate

u
/2 rad /2 rad

t1 ! a 2

t2 ! b 2

t3 ! c 2

Finite thickness of the substrate Z-plane -

-b -a Substrate

y
a b

air + x h

Air region is the same as previous way

ih
Mapping Function

T plane -

Tz t ! sinh 2h
t1 t2

W plane v +
SC Transformation

-t2 -t1

-i

Ta t1 ! sinh 2h Tb t 2 ! sinh 2h

Finite thickness of the metal Z-plane -

SC Transformation
z8 z5 z7 z6

y
z1 z2

air
z4 z3

Substrate

-plane W-plane air -

w8 w7 w6 w w1 w w w
7 8 1 2 6 5 4 3

SC Transformation

Summary

Conformal mapping is powerful way to get the analytical solutions!!

constrain Only 2 dimensional problem Some assumptions are needed Limitation of mapping functions

Show the derivation of the capacitance for the EM (RF) devices

ex: phase velocity, characteristic impedance, and attenuation loss

Mapping Function

W !Z
Z-plane

y
T /n
0

-plane

v x
0

u
-plane
W ! Z2
n=2

Z-plane

y
T /2
0

v u
0

Mapping Function
Mapping Function

TZ W ! sinh 2h

Z-plane
B C

y
0 D E

W-plane

v
C 0 D E

ih

H G

I H

Non Uniform E field in the capacitor a a2

a
Must be Uniform

a1 d1 d1

a3

Strong field Week field Strong field

Uniform E field

a C ! Ir d1

Non Uniform E field C ! C1  C2  C3

a1 a2 a3 ! Ir  Ir  Ir d1 d1 d1

a ! Ir d1