Lecture 35 Lecture 35 - - Design of Two Design of Two- -

Way Floor Slab System Way Floor Slab System

April 23, 2003
CVEN 444
Lecture Goals Lecture Goals
One-way and two-way slab
Slab thickness, h
Comparison of One Comparison of One- -way and way and
Two Two- -way slab behavior way slab behavior
One-way slabs carry
load in one direction.
Two-way slabs carry
load in two directions.
Comparison of One Comparison of One- -way and way and
Two Two- -way slab behavior way slab behavior
One-way and two-way
slab action carry load
in two directions.
One-way slabs: Generally,
long side/short side > 1.5
Comparison of One Comparison of One- -way and way and
Two Two- -way slab behavior way slab behavior
Flat slab
Two-way slab with beams
Comparison between a two Comparison between a two- -
way slab verses a one way slab verses a one- -way way
slab slab
For flat plates and slabs the column connections
can vary between:
Comparison of One Comparison of One- -way and way and
Two Two- -way slab behavior way slab behavior
Flat Plate Waffle slab
Comparison of One Comparison of One- -way and way and
Two Two- -way slab behavior way slab behavior
The two-way ribbed slab and waffled slab system:
General thickness of the slab is 2 to 4 in.
Comparison of One Comparison of One- -way and Two way and Two- -
way slab behavior Economic way slab behavior Economic
Choices Choices
Flat Plate suitable span 20 to 25 ft with LL= 60 -100 psf
Advantages
Low cost formwork
Exposed flat ceilings
Fast
Disadvantages
Low shear capacity
Low Stiffness (notable deflection)
Comparison of One Comparison of One- -way and Two way and Two- -
way slab behavior Economic way slab behavior Economic
Choices Choices
Flat Slab suitable span 20 to 30 ft with LL= 80 -150 psf
Advantages
Low cost formwork
Exposed flat ceilings
Fast
Disadvantages
Need more formwork for capital and panels
Comparison of One Comparison of One- -way and Two way and Two- -
way slab behavior Economic way slab behavior Economic
Choices Choices
Waffle Slab suitable span 30 to 48 ft with LL= 80 -
150 psf
Advantages
Carries heavy loads
Attractive exposed ceilings
Fast
Disadvantages
Formwork with panels is expensive
Comparison of One Comparison of One- -way and Two way and Two- -
way slab behavior Economic way slab behavior Economic
Choices Choices
One-way Slab on beams suitable span 10 to 20 ft with
LL= 60-100 psf
Can be used for larger spans with relatively higher
cost and higher deflections
One-way joist floor system is suitable span 20 to 30 ft
with LL= 80-120 psf
Deep ribs, the concrete and steel quantities are
relative low
Expensive formwork expected.
Comparison of One Comparison of One- -way and way and
Two Two- -way slab behavior way slab behavior
w
s
=load taken by short direction
w
l
= load taken by long direction
o
A
= o
B
Rule of Thumb: For B/A > 2,
design as one-way slab
EI
B w
EI
A w
384
5
384
5
4
l
4
s
=
l s
4
4
l
s
16 2A B For w w
A
B
w
w
= = =
Two Two- -Way Slab Design Way Slab Design
Static Equilibrium of Two-Way Slabs
Analogy of two-way slab to plank and beam floor
Section A-A:
Moment per ft width in planks
Total Moment
ft/ft - k
8
2
1
wl
M =
) ft - k
8
2
1
2 f
l
wl M =
Two Two- -Way Slab Design Way Slab Design
Static Equilibrium of Two-Way Slabs
Analogy of two-way slab to plank and beam floor
Uniform load on each beam
Moment in one beam (Sec: B-B) ft - k
8 2
2
2 1
lb
l wl
M

=
k/ft
2
1
wl

Two Two- -Way Slab Design Way Slab Design

Static Equilibrium of Two-Way Slabs
Total Moment in both beams
Full load was transferred east-west by the planks and then was
transferred north-south by the beams;
The same is true for a two-way slab or any other floor system.
) ft - k
8
2
2
1
l
wl M =
General Design Concepts General Design Concepts
(1) Direct Design Method (DDM)
Limited to slab systems to uniformly distributed
loads and supported on equally spaced columns.
Method uses a set of coefficients to determine the
design moment at critical sections. Two-way slab
system that do not meet the limitations of the ACI
Code 13.6.1 must be analyzed more accurate
procedures
General Design Concepts General Design Concepts
(2) Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
A three dimensional building is divided into a
series of two-dimensional equivalent frames by
cutting the building along lines midway between
columns. The resulting frames are considered
separately in the longitudinal and transverse
directions of the building and treated floor by
floor.
Equivalent Frame Method (EFM) Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
Longitudinal
equivalent frame
Transverse equivalent
frame
Equivalent Frame Method (EFM) Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
Elevation of the frame
Perspective view
Method of Analysis Method of Analysis
(1) Elastic Analysis
Concrete slab may be treated as an elastic
plate. Use Timoshenkos method of analyzing
the structure. Finite element analysis
Method of Analysis Method of Analysis
(2) Plastic Analysis
The yield method used to determine the limit state of
slab by considering the yield lines that occur in the
slab as a collapse mechanism.
The strip method, where slab is divided into strips
and the load on the slab is distributed in two
orthogonal directions and the strips are analyzed as
beams.
The optimal analysis presents methods for
minimizing the reinforcement based on plastic
analysis
Method of Analysis Method of Analysis
(3) Nonlinear analysis
Simulates the true load-deformation characteristics
of a reinforced concrete slab with finite-element
method takes into consideration of nonlinearities of
the stress-strain relationship of the individual
members.
Column and Middle Strips Column and Middle Strips
The slab is broken
up into column
and middle strips
for analysis
Minimum Slab Thickness for Minimum Slab Thickness for
two two- -way construction way construction
The ACI Code 9.5.3 specifies a minimum slab thickness
to control deflection. There are three empirical
limitations for calculating the slab thickness (h), which
are based on experimental research. If these limitations
are not met, it will be necessary to compute deflection.
Minimum Slab Thickness for Minimum Slab Thickness for
two two- -way construction way construction
2 2 . 0
m
e eE (a) For
) 2 . 0 5 36
200,000
8 . 0
m
y
n
+

+
=
E F
f
l
h
f
y
in psi. But not less than 5 in.
Minimum Slab Thickness for Minimum Slab Thickness for
two two- -way construction way construction
m
2 E (b) For
F 9 36
200,000
8 . 0
y
n
+

+
=
f
l
h
f
y
in psi. But not less than 3.5 in.
Minimum Slab Thickness for Minimum Slab Thickness for
two two- -way construction way construction
2 . 0
m
E (c) For
Use the following table 9.5(c)
Minimum Slab Thickness for Minimum Slab Thickness for
two two- -way construction way construction
Slabs without interior
beams spanning
between supports and
ratio of long span to
short span < 2
See section 9.5.3.3
For slabs with beams
spanning between
supports on all sides.
Minimum Slab Thickness for Minimum Slab Thickness for
two two- -way construction way construction
The definitions of the terms are:
h = Minimum slab thickness without interior beams
l
n
=
F=
E
m
=
Clear span in the long direction measured face to
face of column
the ratio of the long to short clear span
The average value of E for all beams on the sides
of the panel.
Definition of Beam Definition of Beam- -to to- -Slab Stiffness Slab Stiffness
Ratio, Ratio, EE
Accounts for stiffness effect of beams located along
slab edge reduces deflections of panel
adjacent to beams.
slab of stiffness flexural
beam of stiffness flexural
= E
Definition of Beam Definition of Beam- -to to- -Slab Stiffness Slab Stiffness
Ratio, Ratio, EE
With width bounded laterally by centerline of
adjacent panels on each side of the beam.
s cs
b cb
s cs
b cb
E
E
/ 4E
/ 4E
I
I
l I
l I
= = E
slab uncracked of inertia of Moment I
beam uncracked of inertia of Moment I
concrete slab of elasticity of Modulus E
concrete beam of elasticity of Modulus E
s
b
sb
cb
=
=
=
=
Beam and Slab Sections for Beam and Slab Sections for
calculation of calculation of EE
Beam and Slab Sections for Beam and Slab Sections for
calculation of calculation of EE
Beam and Slab Sections for Beam and Slab Sections for
calculation of calculation of EE
Definition of beam cross-section
Charts may be used to calculate E
Minimum Slab Thickness for Minimum Slab Thickness for
two two- -way construction way construction
Slabs without drop panels meeting 13.3.7.1 and 13.3.7.2,
t
min
= 5 in
Slabs with drop panels meeting 13.3.7.1 and 13.3.7.2,
t
min
= 4 in
Example Example - - Slab Slab
A flat plate floor system with
panels 24 by 20 ft is supported on
20 in. square columns.
Determine the minimum slab
thickness required for the interior
and corner panels. Use f
c
= 4 ksi
and f
y
= 60 ksi
Example Example - - Slab Slab
Slab thickness, from table for f
y
= 60 ksi and
no edge beams
n
min
n
min
30
20 in. 1 ft.
24 ft. 2 22.33 ft.
2 12 in.
12 in.
22.33 ft.
1 ft.
8.93 in. 9 in.
30
l
h
l
h
=


= =







= =
Example Example - - Slab Slab
Slab thickness, from table for f
y
= 60 ksi and
no edge beams for E = E
m
= 0
n
min
min
33
12 in.
22.33 ft.
1 ft.
8.12 in. 8.5 in.
33
l
h
h
=



= =
Example Example E Ecalculations calculations
The floor system consists of solid
slabs and beams in two directions
supported on 20 in square columns.
Determine the minimum slab
thickness required for an interior
panel. Use f
c
= 4 ksi and f
y
= 60 ksi
Example Example E Ecalculations calculations
The cross-sections are:
Example Example E Ecalculations calculations
To find h, need to find E
m
therefore I
b
, I
slab
and E for
each beam and slab in long short direction. Assume
slab thickness h= 7 in. so that x = y < 4 t
f
)
f
22 in. 7 in. 15 in. 4 4 7 in. 28 in. t = = =
)
e
16 in. 2 15 in. 46 in. b = + =
Example Example E Ecalculations calculations
Compute the moment of inertia and centroid
b h A
i
(in
2
) y
i
(in) y
i
A
i
(in
3
)
I (in
4
)
d (in)
d
2
A (in
4
)
Flange 7 46 322 3.5 1127 1314.833 -4.69751 7105.442
Beam 15 16 240 14.5 3480 4500 6.302491 9533.135
562 4607 5814.833 16638.58
ybar = 8.197509 in
I = 22453.41 in
4
)
4
beam
3
3
slab
4
22453 in
1 1 12 in.
20 ft 7 in.
12 12 1 ft.
6860 in
I
I bh
=


= =



=
Example Example E Ecalculations calculations
Compute the E coefficient for the long direction
Short side of the moment of inertia
4
beam
long
4
slab
22453 in
6860 in
3.27
EI
EI
E = =
=
)
3
3
slab
4
1 1 12 in.
24 ft 7 in.
12 12 1 ft.
8232 in
I bh


= =



=
Example Example E Ecalculations calculations
Compute the E coefficient for short direction
The average E
m
for an interior panel is
4
beam
short
4
slab
22453 in
8232 in
2.73
EI
EI
E = =
=
long short
avg
3.27 2.73
2 2
3.0
E E
E
+
+
= =
=
Example Example E Ecalculations calculations
Compute the F coefficient
Compute the thickness for E
m
> 2
Use slab thickness, 6.5 in. or 7 in.
long
short
20 in. 1 ft.
24 ft. 2
2 12 in.
1.22
20 in. 1 ft.
20 ft. 2
2 12 in.
l
l
F

= = =

)
y
n
12 in. 60000
0.8
22.33 ft. 0.8
200000
1 ft. 200000
36 9 36 9 1.22
6.28 in.
f
l
h
F


+
+




= =
+ +
=
Example Example E Ecalculations calculations
Compute the moment of inertia and centroid for the
L-beam
b h A
i
(in
2
) y
i
(in) y
i
A
i
(in
3
)
I (in
4
)
d (in)
d
2
A (in
4
)
Flange 7 27 189 3.5 661.5 771.75 -5.36585 5441.761
Beam 15 12 180 14.5 2610 3375 5.634146 5713.849
369 3271.5 4146.75 11155.61
ybar = 8.865854 in
I = 15302.36 in
4
)
4
L-beam
3
3
slab
4
15302 in
1 1 12 in.
10 ft 7 in.
12 12 1 ft.
3430 in
I
I bh
=


= =



=
Example Example E Ecalculations calculations
Compute the E
m
coefficient for long direction
Short side of the moment of inertia
4
L-beam
long
4
slab
15302 in
3430 in
4.46
EI
EI
E = =
=
)
3
3
slab
4
1 1 12 in.
12 ft 7 in.
12 12 1 ft.
4116 in
I bh


= =



=
Example Example E Ecalculations calculations
Compute the E
m
coefficient for the short direction
4
L-beam
short
4
slab
15302 in
4116 in
3.72
EI
EI
E = =
=
Example Example E Ecalculations calculations
Compute the E
m
coefficient for the edges and corner
m
4.46 2.73 3.27 2.73
4
3.30
E
+ + +
=
=
m
3.72 3.27 2.73 3.27
4
3.25
E
+ + +
=
=
Example Example E Ecalculations calculations
Compute the E
m
coefficient for the edges and corner
m
3.72 4.46 2.73 3.27
4
3.55
E
+ + +
=
=
n
20 in. 1 ft. 12 in. 1 ft.
24 ft.
2 12 in. 2 12 in.
22.67 ft.
l


=




=
Example Example E Ecalculations calculations
Compute the thickness of the slab with E
m
> 2
The overall depth of the slab is 7 in.
Use slab thickness, 6.5 in. or 7 in.
)
y
n
12 in. 60000
0.8
22.67 ft. 0.8
200000
1 ft. 200000
36 9 36 9 1.22
6.37 in.
f
l
h
F


+
+




= =
+ +
=