FUNDAMENTALS OF ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT

Concept of Organization Development

OD is a process of planed change Aims at enhancing congruence between organization, structure, strategy people & culture. Helps to develop creative solutions & self renewing capacity. OD is a long term effort. Led & supported by top management.

Concept of Organization Development

Visionary processFuture of the organization Empowerment processTowards leadership behavior Learning processInteracting, listening, self examining Problem solving processIdentifying cause Ongoing collaborative management of organizations culture Significance of the involvement.

Concept of Organization Development

Intact work team configuration Effective performance & high job satisfaction Utilizing consultant facilitator role Professional OD practitioner. Theory & technology of applied behavioral science Understanding & predicting behavior Action research Collaboratively problem solving

Approaches to OD
Laboratory training ( sensitivity training) T- groups Consists of 10-16 participants along with 1-2 trainers. Participants are strangers to each other Meeting once or twice a day 1 hr. without any fixed agenda. Slowly interactions starts through role plays, situations, cases. Trainers job is to observe & give feedback to the participants. Trainer act as a change agent- ( should avoid criticism ) Conducted away from the job Changed perception after the training program

Objectives of sensitivity programs

According to Strauss & Sayles To give more self awareness Insights into group dynamics To Improve interpersonal skills To develop collaborative relationship To bring improvement in organizational functioning.

T group-Constitution
Cousin t-group Includes people working in the same organization who may not know each other. Ex Different departments, plants etc Cluster-t group People from the same organization, sharing direct working group relationship with each other. Family-t group Members of an intact work team Stranger-t group People belonging to different organizations

Approaches to OD
Survey research & feedback People comprising a unit of analysis such as work groups, departments or organization are surveyed. Opinion is collected & forwarded to the designer of the questionnaire. Cause of problem is identified External consultant is hired for survey to get unbaised feedback. Effective in implementation of changes in the organization, strategic shifts in structure, policies etc

Survey feedback

Approaches to OD
Action Research Consists of following steps Preliminary diagnosis Collection of data Feedback about the data Development of action plan Implementation of action plan Versions of Action research Diagnostic- Root cause Participant- participants are involved in the process Empirical Based on observation Experimental - Based on experiments

Approaches to OD
Tavistock Sociotechnical & Socioclinical Approach

Aimed at helping groups & organizations Set up in London in 1920 by Dr. CrichtonMiller Pioneer in providing psychological treatment to emotionally disturbed individuals. Provided family therapy Northfield experiment Every soldier had to be a member of group. Provided insight in human behavior

Nature of Organizational development

OD is an interactive ongoing program Experienced based & emphasizes goal setting & planning. Persistent efforts Consists of series of actions & reactions Effective feedback loop to monitor the reactions Preparedness for change Effective solution to problem Improves the efficiency

Nature of Organizational development

OD is a form of applied behavioral science Applies psychological, sociological, social anthropological concepts. OD as a normative re-educative strategy of change Aims at improving effectiveness Attempts to change beliefs that hinder them from becoming more productive.

Strategies for bringing change

Introduced by R. Chin & K. Benne Empirical rational Assumes that people are rational in their behavior & are interested to adopt changes. Normative re-educative strategies Change can be brought about by reeducating so that they give up old norms. Power-Coercive Change through power

Implication of normative reeducative strategies

Client suggests the desired improvement & change The change agent & the agent defines problem , develop solutions.

System perspective towards OD

Emphasizes on interrelatedness, connectedness, Interdependence & their interactions. Realistic picture can be viewed. Detail evaluation of recent events & forces to implement the change in the system.

Data based approach to planned change

Emphasize on data Familiarity of employees with the methods of data collection. Helps in understanding strengths & weaknesses. Helps to identify individual differences. Identification of functional/ dysfunctional data. Decisions are taken on the basis of facts

Approaches to OD
OD is experienced based. Involvement in the learning through experience. Questions based on the experience are asked. OD emphasizes goal setting & planning Structured learning activities to improve goal setting Clear, specific & measurable, realistic goals. MBO Goal setting - Action plan - Decision towards achieving goal Focus on intact work team Better results than strange groups Improves the relationships, processes, & task performance

OD Process
Diagnosis of system & problem identification Critical evaluation of results Solution to problem Identifying new issues & preparing action plan

Component of OD process
Diagnostic component Action or intervention component. Identifying learning aspect/ action aspect Learning followed by action Action followed by learning ( Deficiency model) Action taken are directed towards achievement. Action or intervention component Corrective action for improvement Process maintenance component. Focuses on managing the conflict during implementation. Responsible for the success of OD program

Client-Consultant relationship
Entry & contracting Preliminary discussion with executives Discussion on important matters. Agreeing on terms Psychological or financial contract. Defining the client system Views entire organization as client Consultant becomes Interested in improving effectiveness Mutual trust between client & consultant Information should be kept confidential Understanding about good guy- bad guy syndrome

Client-Consultant relationship
Nature of the clients expertise A consultant should give the client the range of options to choose. Consultant should play the role of facilitator educator instead of content expert Proper diagnosis & use of appropriate interventions Careful application of consultants expertise Determining the depth of the intervention Depends upon the knowledge passed on by the consultant on various conceptual models. Depends on effective & lasting solutions Problem solving

Client-Consultant relationship
Risk of being influenced by the clients organization culture Consultants involvement in some dysfunctional characteristics. Acquaintance to the culture. Ability of the consultant to be a model Consultant should give constructive feedback Should be able to convey right meaning Should be supportive & encouraging

Client-Consultant relationship
Consultant team as a microcosm (representation) Should project the team as a cohesive & effective unit. Should be able to build credibility. The quality of the team reflects the quality of diagnosis. Action research & OD process Use of feedback-Loop in the various interventions & stages. Use of questionnaires & interviews Dependency & termination of contract Excessive dependency on consultant & decision of termination Consultant should play the role of facilitator

Client-Consultant relationship
Ethical dilemmas in OD consulting Misuse of data by consultant Confidentiality Forcing for sensitive information Falls information about the expertise Falls promises Distortion of the data Implementations of OD for the client Better understanding Resolves conflict Develop expertise & knowledge Aligns the informal organizations with formal Brings overall effectiveness