Embedded C Embedded C

Embedded C
07/09/11
Microcontroller 8051
The development process

Plan tasks and interaction
Setup overall project file
Project.PRJ
Edit
revise
Task1.A51
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1
Task2.C
2

Task1.A51
Task1.lst Assembled Task2.lst Compiled and assembled
Task2.C
Various.lib
Link/Locate
Project.M51
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Various.lib
Link/Locate
Project.M51
Project.hex
Burn in EPROM or download
revise
07/09/11 Microcontroller 8051 4
Intel HEX format

Example: :10400000755AFF111675907F11167590BF111675B0 :10401000903F111680EA780379007A00DAFED9FA27 :03402000D8F622AD :00000001FF
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An Example
#include<stdio.h> #include <reg51.h> void main(void) {
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Development Tools
Debugging Simulator becomes less useful when there is a lot of time critical hardware Download to a target with a monitor Disadvantages: serial port is tied up for downloading need for a software
Development Tools
InIn-circuit emulator combines monitor and simulator functions emulator plugs into the socket where the final processor would reside Costly
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What Language To Use for Embedded Applications

Assembly - Most efficient but difficult to read and maintain C C++ Java
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Why C
Can control many machine level functions without resorting to assembly language Application can be written in C more easily than assembly language because the development software manages the details because of modularity,reusable codes can be developed and maintained
Why C
The programmer need not be very thorough with the architecture of the processor Code developed in C is more portable
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Memory Areas
Code memory (program memory). External data memory. Internal data memory.
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Memory Areas
Internal data memory: >read from or written to. >faster than any other memory. >memory specifiers data idata bdata
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Memory Types
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Memory Types
Frequently used variables are put in the internal memory in preference to the external RAM By including a memory type specifier in the variable declaration, you can specify where variables are stored
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Example
char data var1; char code text[] = "ENTER PARAMETER:"; unsigned long xdata array[100]; float idata x,y,z; unsigned int pdata dimension; char bdata flags;
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Memory Models
SMALL :
all variables default to the internal data memory of the 8051 same as if they were declared explicitly using the data memory type specifier variable access is very efficient However, all data objects, as well as the stack must fit into the internal RAM
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Memory Models
Compact:
all variables default to one page of external data memory same as if they were explicitly declared using the pdata memory type specifier can accommodate a maximum of 256 bytes of variables as it is accessed indirectly through R0 and R1 variable access is not as fast as small model
Memory Models
Large:
all variables default to external data memory same as if they were explicitly declared using the xdata memory type specifier Memory access through this data pointer is inefficient, especially for variables with a length of two or more bytes This type of data access generates more code than the small or compact models
Key differences between C and Keil C
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Key differences between C and Keil C

The sbit, sfr, and sfr16 data types are included to allow access to the special function registers that are available on the 8051
E.g: the declaration: sfr P0 = 0x80 declares the variable P0 and assigns it the special function register address of 0x80. 0x80. This is the address of PORT 0 on the 8051.
Default memory type

If the memory type specifier is omitted in a variable declaration, the default or implicit memory type is automatically selected Function arguments and automatic variables which cannot be located in registers are also stored in the default memory area The default memory type is determined by the SMALL, COMPACT and LARGE compiler control directives
An Example
8 switches are connected to P0 8 LEDs are connected to P2 #include <reg51.h> void msec (unsigned int); void main () { unsigned char array[10]; unsigned char I; while (1) { for (i=0; i<=9; i++) { array[i] = p2=p0; msec(100); } } } This example reads from P0,stores the readings in an array and shows the most recent reading on 8 LEDS 07/09/11 Microcontroller 23
8051
Operators
== <= >= != << >> ++ -&& ||
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equal to comparison less than or equal to greater than or equal to not equal to shift left shift right increment decrement Boolean and Boolean or
Microcontroller 8051 24
Operators
+= -= *= /= |= &= ^= <<= >>= %= ->
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add value to subtract value to multiply value to divide value to or value to and value to exclusive or value to shift value left shift value right modulo divide value to pointer to a structure
Microcontroller 8051 25
Bitwise operators
Logical operation
Assembly
C ~ & | ^
NOT AND OR XOR
CPL A ANL A,# ORL A,# XRL A,#
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Assignment operators
Unique to C is the shorthand representation for modifying a variable and assigning it back portA = portA & 0xf7; portA &= oxf7;
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Delay by software looping

Void msec (unsigned int x) { unsigned char j; while (x-- > 0) (x-{ for (j=0; j<125; j++) { ; } } }
Accessing an array element Unsigned int ary[20]; unsigned int x; ary[9] =x;
While defining arrays, it has to be made sure that large amounts of memory is not tied up
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Pointers
C51 compiler supports two different types of pointers: Generic pointers Memory specific pointers
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Generic Pointers
char *s; int *numptr; long *state; /* string ptr */ /* int ptr */ /* long ptr */
use three bytes,the first for the memory type, the second for the high-order byte of the offset, highand the third for the low-order byte of the lowoffset Generic pointers may be used to access any variable regardless of its location in 8051 memory space.
Memory Specific Pointers

char data *str; int xdata *numtab; long code *powtab; /* ptr to string in data */ /* ptr to int(s) in xdata */ /* ptr to long(s) in code */
can be stored using only one byte (idata, data, bdata, and pdata pointers) or two bytes (code and xdata pointers pointers)
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Embedded C Embedded C

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Embedded C

The development process

Setup overall project file

The development process

The development process

Burn in EPROM or download

Intel HEX format

What Language To Use for Embedded Applications

Key differences between C and Keil C

Key differences between C and Keil C

Default memory type

NOT AND OR XOR

CPL A ANL A,# ORL A,# XRL A,#

Delay by software looping

Memory Specific Pointers

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