BASAL GANGLIA

Dr. Israa M. Sulaiman Department of Anatomy IMS/MSU

OBJECTIVES
Define basal ganglia and describe the parts Describe the main connections and functions Describe the function and the disorders of basal ganglia such as Parkinsonism and tremors

Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia is a collection of gray matter in the cerebrum including the corpus striatum, amygdala and claustrum. Has important connections with other regions of the brain, particularly: thalamus, subthalamic nuclei, red nucleus and substantia nigra Important in coordinating movement.

Basal Ganglia

Traditional Concepts of Basal Ganglia

Corpus Striatum Caudate Nucleus Lenticular Nucleus Putamen Globus Pallidus Corpus Amygdaloideum Paleostriatum Archistriatum Pallidum Neostriatum Striatum

Lateral surface of basal ganglia

1. Putamen 2. Tail of caudate nucleus 3. Caudatolentic ular gray bridge 4. Amygdaloid body 5. thalamus

1. head of caudate nucelus 2. body of caudate nucelus 3. caudatolenticular gray bridge 4. putamen 5. tail of caudate nucleus 6. external segment of globus pallidus 7. internal segment of globus pallidus 8. amygdaloid body 9. nucleus accumbens septi

Medial surface of basal ganglia

Basal Ganglia Components of Basal Ganglia

Corpus Striatum Striatum ----- Caudate Nucleus & Putamen Pallidum ----- Globus Pallidus (GP) Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta (SNc) SNc) Pars Reticulata (SNr) SNr) Subthalamic Nucleus (STN) Ventral Striatum and Ventral Pallidum Nucleus Accumbens Septi Non cholinergic portion of Substantia Innominata

Compone

Basal Ganglia

Compone

STRIATUM
Caudate Nucleus
Head, (Corpus), Tail caudatolenticular gray bridge

Putamen Ventral Striatum: Nucleus Accumbens (Septi) Striatum: Septi)

BASAL GANGLIA
BASAL GANGLIA

CORPUS STRIATUM

AMYGDALA

CLAUSTRUM

NEOSTRIATUM

PALEOSTRIATUM

CAUDATE NUCLEUS

PUTAMEN

GLOBUS PALLIDUS

LENTIFORM NUCLEUS

TERMINOLOGIES
Neurological structure Corpus striatum Amygdala Claustrum Neostriatum Paleostriatum Caudate nucleus Lentiform nucleus Basal nuclei Caudate nucleus + lentiform nucleus Amygdaloid nucleus Claustrum Caudate nucleus + putamen Globus pallidus Caudate nucleus Globus pallidus + putamen

Basal ganglia

Anterior horn

Posterior horn Amygdaloid nucleus

Inferior horn

Basal Ganglia

Compone

Striosome and Matrix compartment

AchE

Components of Basal Ganglia

Putamen Globus pallidus external segment internal segment Subthalamic Nucleus Substantia nigra Internal capsule

Connections of the Basal Ganglia

Cerebral Cortex amygdaloid body raphe STRIATUM Thalamus STN SNc

Pallidum SNr

habenular nucleus

tectum
(superior colliculus)

PPN
(pedunculopontine nucleus)

Basal Ganglia (Prefronatal Complex Loop) Connections

Primary Motor Area (M I)

Prefrontal Association Cortex

STRIATUM (Caudate Nucleus)

pyramidal tract
SNr (Substantia Nigra, pars reticulata)

THALAMUS
(VLm, VAmc, MD)

LMN

Basal Ganglia (Limbic Loop) Connections

Orbitofrontal Cortex Anterior Cingulate Gyrus Hippocampal Formation

Ventral Striatum

Caudate Nucleus

THALAMUS
(VAmc, MD)

Ventral Pallidum GPi, SNr

Basal Ganglia (Oculomotor Loop) Connections

Primary Motor Area (M I)

Frontal Eye Field (area 8)

STRIATUM (Caudate Nucleus)

pyramidal tract THALAMUS

(VLm, VAmc, MD) SNr (Substantia Nigra, pars reticulata)

LMN

Tectum

Basal Ganglia (SNc and CM-PF nuclear complex) CMConnections

Striatum

Striatum

SNc

THALAMUS (CM(CM-PF)

Pallidum

Pallidum

Basal Ganglia (Brain Stem Efferents) Efferents) Phylogeny

aves (birds)
DIP (thalamus) GPi SpL nDCP SNr Neostriatum Intermediale (motor cortex) Tectum (superior colliculus) colliculus)

mammals
GPi VAVA-VL complex (thalamus) nPC SNr

motor cortex
Tectum (superior colliculus) colliculus)

Basal Ganglia (STN) Connections

Subthalamic Nucleus
STN subthalamic fasciculus

Cerebral Coretx Thalamus (CM-PF) (CMPPN

Output Portion of Basal Ganglia

GPe

GPi

SNr

Basal ganglia
Globus pallidus

HORIZONTAL SECTION
ANTERIOR
Caudate nucleus

Lentiform nucleus

Insula

Putamen
Claustrum

POSTERIOR

Basal ganglia

CORONAL SECTION
SUPERIOR

Caudate nucleus Thalamus Lentiform nucleus Claustrum

Amygdala

INFERIOR

Basal ganglia

CORONAL SECTION
SUPERIOR

Caudate nucleus

Tail of Caudate nucleus

Thalamus

Subthalamic nucleus

Substantia nigra

INFERIOR

Basal ganglia

CORONAL SECTION
SUPERIOR

Thalamus Red nucleus Substantia nigra

INFERIOR

corpus striatum Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus lentiform nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus neostriatum Caudate nucleus Putamen paleostriatum Globus pallidus

Horizontal section

ANT
Caudate n Lateral ventricleAnt horn Putamen Globus pallidus

Third ventricle

Thalamus

Lateral ventriclePost horn

POST

Basal ganglia
Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus Claustrum Amygdala (part of limbic system)
Caudate n

Horizontal section ANT

Lateral ventricleAnt horn Putamen

Globus pallidus Third ventricle Thalamus Lateral ventriclePost horn

POST

C-shaped Head, body,tail Large head,tapering curved tail Head-frontal lobe Tail-occipital lobe End of tail-temporal lobe Caudate nucleus
-terminates in amygdaloid nucleus (roof of inf horn of lateral ventricle)

Caudate nucleus

Caudate

thalamus

Lentiform Putamen Globus pallidus Amygdaloid

Caudate nucleus

Lentiform nucleus
Putamen lateral medullary lamina Globus Pallidus Lat GP medial medullary lamina Med GP

Caudate

thalamus

Lentiform Putamen Globus pallidus Amygdaloid

Lentiform nucleus
Putamen Lateral medullary lamina

Globus pallidus Medial medullary lamina Lat GP Med GP

Lentiform nucleus
Wedge-shaped Internal capsule External capsule Extreme capsule Claustrum Lateral and medial medullary lamina
Caudate n

Horizontal section ANT

Lateral ventricleAnt horn Putamen

Third ventricle Thalamus

Globus pallidus

Lateral ventriclePost horn

POST

Amygdaloid nucleus

Caudate

thalamus

Lentiform Putamen Globus pallidus Amygdaloid Temporal lobe Roof of inf horn of lateral ventricle

Substantia nigra Subthalamic nuclei

Caudate n

Coronal section

Putamen Globus pallidus

Thalamus Subthalamic nuclei Substantia nigra

Connections
Caudate nucleus Putamen receive input

Globus pallidus

output leaves

 Connections of striatum
Caudate nucleus & putamen input Receive afferent cerebral cortex, intralaminar thalamic nuclei, subs nigra Efferent globus pallidus, subs nigra

Connections of globus pallidus

2 segments med & lat Med & subs nigra output Receive afferent striatum, subthalamic nucleus Efferent
Lat subthalamic N Med thalamus (VA,VL,CM) motor areas

Connections

i/laminar thal

CN/

Connections of basal ganglia

Afferent Corticostriate Thalamostriate Nigrostriate Brainstem striatal fibres Efferent Striatopallidal Striatonigral Pallidofugal fibres
Ansa lenticularis Fasciculus lenticularis Pallidotegmental Pallidosubthalamic

Striatopallidal Subthalamic nucleus Mostly end in neostriatum except subthalamic N end in paleostriatum

Efferent fibres

Connections of basal ganglia

Afferent fibres Corticostriate-Glutamate

Caudate n
Striatonigral-GABA,Ach Striatopallidal-GABA

thalamostriate Striatopallidal-GABA Subthalamus-pallidal

Putamen Globus pallidus

Ansa lenticularis Fasciculus lenticularis Nigrostriate-dopa

Thalamus Subthalamic nuclei Substantia nigra

pallidosubthalamic pallidotegmental Brainstem striatal-serotonin

Pallidofugal fibres

Connections of corpus striatum

Afferent Efferent Cerebral cortexCorticostriate Thalamic nucleiThalamostriate Substantia nigraNigrostriate Brainstem striatal fibres Globus pallidusStriatopallidal Substantia nigraStriatonigral

 Connections of striatum
Caudate nucleus & putamen input Receive afferent - cerebral cortex, intralaminar thalamic nulcei, subs nigra Efferent globus pallidus, subs nigra

premotor supplementary motor

1 1o sensory

4 Brainstem

Connections of globus pallidus

Afferent Efferent Striatum-striatopallidal Subthalamic nucleus Subthalamonigral Thalamic nuclei-Ansa lenticularis Subthalamus-Fasciculus lenticularis Tegmental of midbrainPallidotegmental Subthalamic nucleiPallidosubthalamic

 Connections of globus pallidus

2 segments med & lat Med GP & subs nigra output Receive afferent striatum, subthalamic nucleus Efferent
Lat GP subthalamic N Med GP thalamus (VA,VL,CM) motor areas

Ansa lenticularis

Fasc lenticularis Pallidosubthalamic

Pallidotegmental

Function
Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum and thalamus
motor activity muscle tone organisation of movement
What type ? -cerebral cortex How to perform? -basal ganglia+cerebellum Assist in regulation-thalamus

Function
Part of extra-pyramidal motor system Facilitate behaviour & movement required and appropriate Inhibit unwanted & inappropriate

Brake hypothesis The deficits tend to fall into one of two categories: the presence of extraneous unwanted movements OR an absence or difficulty with intended movements.

Function
The balance between the cerebellum and the basal ganglia allows smooth, coordinated movement, and a disturbance in either system will show up as movement disorders.

 Destruction of primary motor

Unable to perform fine discrete movement But still able to perform crude movement

Destruction of corpus striatum

Total paralysis

Cerebral cortex Corticospinal Corticobulbar

Corticostriatal excitatory

Direct inhibitory inhibitory Striatonigral Striatopallidal Med pallidal thalamus

Indirect Lat pallidal Subthalamic N Activate neurone inhibitory

Disinhibit neurone

Facilitate movement

Inhibit unwanted movement

Disease of basal ganglia

Change in muscle tone Abnormal involuntary movement
Parkinsonism Effect on the opposite side
Degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in substantia nigra-depletion of dopamine in striatum Resting tremor Rigidity simultaneous contraction of flexors and extensors Bradykinesia = Slowness of movement brake cannot be released No paralysis, sensory loss, ataxia

Cerebral cortex Corticospinal Corticobulbar

Corticostriatal excitatory

Direct inhibitory inhibitory Striatonigral Striatopallidal Med pallidal thalamus

Indirect Lat pallidal Subthalamic N Activate neurone inhibitory

Disinhibit neurone

Facilitate movement

Inhibit unwanted movement

Efferent fibres

Connections of basal ganglia

Afferent fibres Corticostriate-Glutamate

Caudate n
Striatonigral-GABA,Ach Striatopallidal-GABA

thalamostriate Striatopallidal-GABA Subthalamus-pallidal

Putamen Globus pallidus

Ansa lenticularis Fasciculus lenticularis Nigrostriate-dopa

Thalamus Subthalamic nuclei Substantia nigra

pallidotsubthalamic pallidotegmental Brainstem striatal-serotonin

Pallidofugal fibres

Disease of basal ganglia

Huntingtons disease
hereditary disease of unwanted movements. It results from degeneration of the caudate and putamen, and produces continuous dance-like movements of the face and limbs -choreoathetosis

Hemiballism flailing movements of one arm and leg (one-sided), which is caused by damage (i.e., stroke) of the subthalamic nucleus.

Efferent fibres

Afferent fibres

Caudate n

Putamen Globus pallidus

Thalamus Subthalamic nuclei Substantia nigra

Efferent fibres

Afferent fibres

Caudate n

Putamen Globus pallidus

Thalamus Subthalamic nuclei Substantia nigra

EXCERCISE

Connections of basal gangliaafferent fibres

Match the connections -

A-Brainstem striatal fibres B-thalamostriate C-corticostriate D-subthalamic E-nigrostriate

EXCERCISE

Connections of basal gangliaefferent fibres

Match the connections -

A-pallidosubthalamic B-striatopallidal C-ansa lenticularis D-striatonigral