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By Kos Barsukov

The Task
 The Problem:
 When designing motorcycles
aerodynamic efficiency is often sacrificed
for style and comfort
 Because the shapes are so inefficient,
minute changes can substantially
decrease drag and increase top speed.

 Goals:
Examine the design features of a sport
motorcycle and quantify their affect on
the drag coefficient of a motorcycle.
 Design features which produce less drag
without decreasing function
The Plan
 Examine the aerodynamic characteristics of motorcycles
using simple 2D CFD models
 Examine the aerodynamic characteristics of a 1/9 scale
motorcycle model in the wind tunnel by using drag
measurements and particle image velocimetry.
 Design a detailed 3D CFD model based on the 1/9 the scale
model and use CFD to quantify how different features
contribute to drag.
 Design an optimal set of fairings, construct scale models
using rapid prototyping and test them on the 1/9th scale
model to determine effect on drag.
Results
 2D CFD models were created based on 1/9th scale models of a
Ducati Monster and Yamaha YZR M1.
Drag coefficient was determined by the formula :
2F
Cd =
AρV 2 Where F is the drag force, A is the frontal area, p is
the air density, and V is the velocity

Drag force can be calculated in two ways--


by measuring the pressure acting on the frontal area, and by
measuring the change in velocity of air as it reflects from the
surface.
 Because of complicated surfaces involved in motorcycles, this
calculation was performed in Cosmos Flow Works, using finite
element analysis
• Models of a faired and unfaired motorcycle were tested
• The ambient conditions were set at 293.2 K, 101.325kpa.
• Wind speed was set at 44 m/s, approximately 100 mph
• Both models showed high pressures in front where air was being
pushed away
• The pressure differential between the front and rear causes
pressure drag
 Due to the fairing and lower riding position the faired bike caused a
flow that separated later, thus causing a lower Cd
 Air flowing over the top of the rider was sped up in order to
recombine with the rest of the flow at the back of the wake.

Cd=.375 Cd=.243
 Without the rider the unfaired bike’s Cd decreased by 2.9% to
.365
 The faired bike’s Cd increased by 38.2% to .336, signifying that
on faired bikes the rider plays an important aerodynamic role.
 The edge of the windscreen caused flow separation to happen
much earlier
Drag Cd
force
(N)

 Drag decreased if
modifications to the front of
the model caused the flow to
separate later
774000 0.610 0.243  Changes to the back of the
motorcycle had no effect on
drag when they were in the
turbulent region
 2D analysis is limited because
885000 0.612 0.244 it does not allow modeling of
air going around the sides of
motorcycles
 Cannot test effects of
mufflers, mirrors, turn signals,
774000 0.610 Re side fairings

166000 0.444 0.177


Wind Tunnel Testing
 Tested at 15, 25, 35, 45, 55 Hz
 Molded rider for accurate
measurements
 T=23 degrees Celsius
 Frontal area = 67.77 cm2 , calculated
from a frontal picture traced in Solid
Works
 Bike mounted close to the bottom
plate to simulate movement over a
road
Varying Cd
 Frontal are of full size motorcycle calculated to be .55 m2
 Drag force calculated by Fd=1/2Cd*ρ*V2 *A
 Variation in Cd happened in a test where the motorcycle wheels
were on the plate, and one where the motorcycle was 1 centimeter
above the plate.
 Cd was high for a motorcycle because the rider was not placed in
full tucking position

V for a full
Drag size
Force motorcyle
Hz V (N) Cd Re (mph)
Velocity in
(m/s) (mph)
15 9.556 0.414215 21.377 1.110897 138808.3 2.375
25 18.689 1.296999 41.806 0.909514 271459.4 4.645
35 27.373 2.703125 61.232 0.883611 397596.1 6.804
45 35.966 4.5212 80.455 0.856059 522413.8 8.939
55 44.279 6.736618 99.053 0.841518 643174.6 11.006
Power calculations for a full size
motorcycle of this shape

Cd= 0.865

Power
Drag Force Required
V (mph) V (m/s) (N) (kw) Power (hp)
30 13.4112 51.55504 0.691415 0.927203
55 24.5872 173.2822 4.260525 5.713457
75 33.528 322.219 10.80336 14.48754
85 37.9984 413.8724 15.72649 21.08957
100 44.704 572.8338 25.60796 34.34084
110 49.1744 693.1289 34.0842 45.70765
120 53.6448 824.8806 44.25056 59.34096
130 58.1152 968.0891 56.26069 75.44682
150 67.056 1288.876 86.42687 115.9003
185 82.7024 1960.524 162.14 217.4333
200 89.408 2291.335 204.8637 274.7267
3D CFD model
 Models air flow around all sides of the motorcycle
 Allows to more accurately determine pressure points
 More accurately models ground effect
Surface Pressure Plot
 High pressure
points on wheel,
radiator, and fork
tubes cause drag
 Fairings can be
added to the model
to reduce drag.
 At 25 m/s, drag
force was 0.46 N,
Cd=0.36
Future Plans
 Make 3d models of fairings, exhaust, wind screen, blinkers and
rider and test how they affect Cd

 Design optimized features to minimized drag

 Create these features using rapid prototyping and test them on the
scale model in the wind tunnel.

 Design a full fairing system that minimizes drag without sacrificing


function or style.

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