Interacting with Computer

This lesson includes the following sections: The Keyboard The Mouse Variants of the Mouse

The Keyboard - Standard Keyboard Layout

A standard computer keyboard has about 100 keys. Most keyboards use the QWERTY layout, named for the first six keys in the top row of letters.

The Keyboard - Standard Keyboard Layout

Most keyboards have keys arranged in five groups: 1. Alphanumeric keys 2. Numeric keypad 3. Function keys 4. Modifier keys 5. Cursor-movement keys

The Keyboard - Standard Keyboard Layout

* * * * *

The Keyboard - How a Keyboard Works

Key Board

Keyboard Controller

Keyboard Buffer

System Software (Operating System)

CPU

The Keyboard - How a Keyboard Works

When you press a key: The keyboard controller detects the keystroke. The controller places a scan code in the keyboard buffer, indicating which key was pressed. The keyboard sends the computer an interrupt request, telling the CPU to accept the keystroke.

The Mouse

All modern computers have a variant Allows users to select objects The mouse is a pointing device. You use it to move a graphical pointer on the screen. The mouse can be used to issue commands, draw, and perform other types of input tasks.

The Mouse - Mouse Techniques

Using the mouse involves five techniques: 1. Pointing; Move the mouse to move the on-screen pointer. 2. Clicking; Press and release the left mouse button once. 3. Double-clicking; Press and release the left mouse button twice. 4. Dragging; Hold down the left mouse button as you move the pointer. 5. Right-clicking; Press and release the right mouse button.

The Mouse

Mechanical mouse
Rubber ball determines direction and speed The ball often requires cleaning

Optical mouse
Light shown onto mouse pad Reflection determines speed and direction Requires little maintenance

The Mouse

Interacting with a mouse

Actions involve pointing to an object Clicking selects the object Clicking and holding drags the object Releasing an object is a drop Right clicking activates the shortcut menu Modern mice include a scroll wheel

The Mouse

Benefits
Pointer positioning is fast Menu interaction is easy Users can draw electronically

Variants of the Mouse

Trackballs
Upside down mouse Hand rests on the ball User moves the ball Uses little desk space

Variants of the Mouse Track pads

Stationary pointing device Small plastic rectangle Finger moves across the pad Pointer moves with the pointer Popular on laptops

Variants of the Mouse

Track point
Little joystick on the keyboard Move pointer by moving the joystick

Inputting Data In Other Ways

Devices for the Hand

Pen based input
Tablet PCs, PDA Pen used to write data Pen used as a pointer Handwriting recognition On screen keyboard

Devices for the hand

Touch screens
Sensors determine where finger points Sensors create an X,Y coordinate Usually presents a menu to users Found in cramped or dirty environments

Devices for the hand

Game controllers
Enhances gaming experience Provide custom input to the game Modern controllers offer feedback Joystick Game pad

Optical Input Devices

Allows the computer to see input Bar code readers
Converts bar codes to numbers
UPC code

Computer find number in a database Works by reflecting light

Amount of reflected light indicates number

Optical Input Devices

Image scanners
Converts printed media into electronic Reflects light off of the image Sensors read the intensity Filters determine color depths

Optical input devices

Optical character recognition (OCR)
Converts scanned text into editable text Each letter is scanned Letters are compared to known letters Best match is entered into document Rarely 100% accurate

Audiovisual Input Devices

Microphones
Used to record speech Speech recognition
Understands human speech Allows dictation or control of computer Matches spoken sound to known phonemes Enters best match into document

Audiovisual Input Devices

Musical Instrument Digital Interface
MIDI Connects musical instruments to computer Digital recording or playback of music Musicians can produce professional results

Audiovisual Input Devices

Digital cameras
Captures images electronically No film is needed Image is stored as a JPG file Memory cards store the images Used in a variety of professions

Output Devices
Hard copy output : The data consisting of text or graphics that is obtained as printouts or microfilm using printers or plotters is known as hardcopy. Soft copy output: The data that is stored in a storage device such as floppy disk, hard disk, CD-ROM magnetic tape and so on is called softcopy.

Monitors
Most common output device Connects to the video card Categorized by color output
Monochrome
One color with black background

Grayscale
Varying degrees of gray

Color
Display 4 to 16 million colors

Monitors
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
Most common type of monitor Electrons fired from the back Electrons excite phosphor to glow Phosphor is arranged in dots called pixels Dot mask ensures proper pixel is lit

CRT Monitors

Electron beam Magnetic Yoke

Electron Gun

Phosphor coated screen

Monitors
CRT color
Phosphor dots arranged in triads Red, green, and blue dots Three colors blend to make colors Varying the intensity creates new colors

Monitors
CRT drawbacks
Very large Very heavy Use a lot of electricity

Monitors
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
Commonly found on laptops Desktop versions exist Solve the problems of CRT Fluorescent lights provide illumination

Monitors
Passive matrix LCD
Pixels arranged in a grid Pixels are activated indirectly
Row and column are activated

Animation can be blurry

Monitors
Active matrix LCD
Each pixel is activated directly Pixels have 4 transistors
One each for red, green, blue One for opaqueness

Transistors arranged in a thin film Animation is crisp and clean

Monitors
Drawbacks to LCD
More expensive than CRT Must sit directly in front of screen Can be more fragile than CRT

Chapter 4B

Printing

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Commonly Used Printers

Impact printers
Generate output by striking the paper Uses an inked ribbon

Non-impact printers
Use methods other than force Tend to be quiet and fast

Commonly Used Printers

Dot matrix printers
Impact printer Used to print to multi-sheet pages Print head strikes inked ribbon Line printers Band printers Speed measured in characters per second

Dot Matrix Print Head

Commonly Used Printers

Ink-jet printers
Non-impact printer Inexpensive home printer Color output common using CMYK
Cyan, magenta, yellow, black

Sprays ink onto paper Speed measured in pages per minute Quality expressed as dots per inch

Dots Per Inch

Commonly Used Printers

Laser printer
Non-impact printer Produces high quality documents Color or black and white Print process
Laser draws text on page Toner sticks to text Toner melted to page

Speed measured in pages per minute Quality expressed as dots per inch

Commonly Used Printers

All-in-one peripherals
Scanner, copier, printer and fax Popular in home offices Prices are very reasonable

Comparing Printers
Determine what you need Determine what you can spend Initial cost Cost of operating Image quality Speed

High-Quality Printers
Plotters
Large high quality blueprints Older models draw with pens Operational costs are low Output is very slow

End of Chapter

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Copyright 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Operating System Basics

McGraw-Hill Technology Education

Copyright 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Functions of Operating Systems

Provide a user interface Run programs Manage hardware devices Organized file storage

Types of Operating Systems

Real-time operating system
Very fast small OS Built into a device Respond quickly to user input MP3 players, Medical devices

Types of Operating Systems

Single user/Single tasking OS
One user works on the system Performs one task at a time MS-DOS and Palm OS Take up little space on disk Run on inexpensive computers

Types of Operating Systems

Single user/Multitasking OS
User performs many tasks at once Most common form of OS Windows XP and OS X Require expensive computers Tend to be complex

Types of Operating Systems

Multi user/Multitasking OS
Many users connect to one computer Each user has a unique session UNIX, Linux, and VMS Maintenance can be easy Requires a powerful computer

Providing a User Interface

User interface
How a user interacts with a computer Require different skill sets

Providing a User Interface

Graphical user interface (GUI)
Most common interface
Windows, OS X, Gnome, KDE

Uses a mouse to control objects Uses a desktop metaphor Shortcuts open programs or documents Open documents have additional objects Task switching Dialog boxes allow directed input

Graphical User Interface

Providing a User Interface

Command line interfaces
Older interface
DOS, Linux, UNIX

User types commands at a prompt User must remember all commands Included in all GUIs

Command Line Interface

Managing Hardware
Programs need to access hardware Interrupts
CPU is stopped Hardware device is accessed

Device drivers control the hardware

Organizing Files and Folders

Organized storage Long file names Folders can be created and nested All storage devices work consistently

Survey of PC and Network Operating Systems

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Copyright 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

PC Operating Systems
Microsoft Windows is the most popular
Installed more than other OS combined Installed on about 95% of computers Apple and Linux represent the other 5%

PC Operating Systems
DOS
Disk Operating System Single user single-tasking OS Command line interface 16-bit OS Powerful Fast Supports legacy applications

PC Operating Systems
Windows NT
Designed for a powerful system 32-bit OS Very stable Windows NT Workstation
Single user multi tasking OS

Windows NT Server
Multi user multi tasking OS Network operating system

PC Operating Systems
Windows 9x
95, 98, and Millennium Edition (Me) 32-bit OS
Supported 16-bit programs well

Very pretty not stable OS Still found in large corporations 95 introduced the Start button 98 introduced active desktop Me improved multimedia software

PC Operating Systems
Windows 2000
Look of 9x with NT stability Optimized for office and developers Application software ran very well Entertainment software ran very poorly

PC Operating Systems
Windows XP
Microsofts newest desktop product Different look from 2000 Many different versions Digital multimedia support was enhanced Communications was enhanced Mobile computing became a priority

PC Operating Systems
UNIX
Runs on all computer types 32- or 64-bit Very stable and fast Command-line interface Can cost thousands of dollars

PC Operating Systems
Linux
Free or inexpensive version of UNIX 32-bit OS Very stable and fast Most flavors are open source X Windows GUI
Command line interface is available

End of Chapter

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Copyright 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 9A

Network Basics

McGraw-Hill Technology Education

Copyright 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Network Definition
Set of technologies that connects computers Allows communication and collaboration between users

The Uses of a Network

Simultaneous access to data
Data files are shared
Access can be limited

Shared files stored on a server Software can be shared

Site licenses Network versions Application servers

The Uses of a Network

Shared peripheral device
Printers and faxes are common shares Reduces the cost per user Devices can be connected to the network Print servers control network printing
Manage the print queue

Sharing Data

File server contains documents used by other computers.

The Uses of a Network

Personal communication
Email
Instantaneous communication

Conferencing
Tele conferencing Videoconferencing Audio-conferencing Data-conferencing

Voice over IP
Phone communication over network wires

The Uses of a Network

Easier data backup
Backup copies data to removable media Server data backed up in one step

Common Network Types

Local Area Network (LAN)
Contains printers, servers and computers Systems are close to each other Contained in one office or building Organizations often have several LANS

Common Network Types

Wide Area Networks (WAN)
Two or more LANs connected Over a large geographic area Typically use public or leased lines
Phone lines Satellite

The Internet is a WAN

Hybrid Network Types

Campus Area Networks (CAN)
A LAN in one large geographic area Resources related to the same organization Each department shares the LAN

Hybrid Network Types

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Large network that connects different organizations Shares regional resources A network provider sells time

Hybrid Network Types

Home Area Network (HAN)
Small scale network Connects computers and entertainment appliances Found mainly in the home

Hybrid Network Types

Personal Area Network (PAN)
Very small scale network Range is less than 2 meters Cell phones, PDAs, MP3 players

How Networks Are Structured

Server based network
Node is any network device Servers control what the node accesses Users gain access by logging in Server is the most important computer

How Networks Are Structured

Client/Server network
Nodes and servers share data roles Nodes are called clients Servers are used to control access Database software
Access to data controlled by server

Server is the most important computer

How Networks Are Structured

Peer to peer networks (P2PN)
All nodes are equal Nodes access resources on other nodes Each node controls its own resources Most modern OS allow P2PN Distributing computing is a form

Network Topologies
Topology
Logical layout of wires and equipment Choice affects
Network performance Network size Network collision detection

Several different types

Network Topologies
Packets
Pieces of data transmitted over a network
Packets are created by sending node Data is reassembled by receiving node

Packet header
Sending and receiving address

Packet payload
Number and size of data Actual data

Packet error control

Network Topologies
Bus topology
Also called linear bus One wire connects all nodes Terminator ends the wires Advantages
Easy to setup Small amount of wire

Disadvantages
Slow Easy to crash

Network Topologies
Star topology
All nodes connect to a hub
Packets sent to hub Hub sends packet to destination

Advantages
Easy to setup One cable can not crash network

Disadvantages
One hub crashing downs entire network Uses lots of cable

Most common topology

Star Topology

Network Topologies
Ring topology
Nodes connected in a circle Tokens used to transmit data
Nodes must wait for token to send

Advantages
Time to send data is known No data collisions

Disadvantages
Slow Lots of cable

Network Topologies
Mesh topology
All computers connected together Internet is a mesh network Advantage
Data will always be delivered

Disadvantages
Lots of cable Hard to setup

Mesh Topology

Network Media
Links that connect nodes Choice impacts
Speed Security Size

Wire Based Media

Twisted-pair cabling
Most common LAN cable Called Cat5 or 100BaseT Four pairs of copper cable twisted May be shielded from interference Speeds range from 1 Mbps to 1,000 Mbps

Wire Based Media

Coaxial cable
Similar to cable TV wire One wire runs through cable Shielded from interference Speeds up to 10 Mbps Nearly obsolete

Wire Based Media

Fiber-optic cable
Data is transmitted with light pulses Glass strand instead of cable Immune to interference Very secure Hard to work with Speeds up to 100 Gbps

Wireless Media
Data transmitted through the air LANs use radio waves WANs use microwave signals Easy to setup Difficult to secure

Network Hardware
Network interface cards
Network adapter Connects node to the media Unique Machine Access Code (MAC)

Network Hardware
Network linking devices
Connect nodes in the network Cable runs from node to device Crossover cable connects two computers

Network Hardware
Hubs
Center of a star network All nodes receive transmitted packets Slow and insecure

Network Hardware
Switches
Replacement for hubs Only intended node receives transmission Fast and secure

Network Hardware
Bridge
Connects two or more LANs together Packets sent to remote LAN cross
Other packets do not cross

Segments the network on MAC addresses

Network Hardware
Router
Connects two or more LANs together Packets sent to remote LAN cross Network is segmented by IP address Connect internal networks to the Internet Need configured before installation

Network Hardware
Gateway
Connects two dissimilar networks Connects coax to twisted pair Most gateways contained in other devices

Network Cabling
Cabling specifications
Bandwidth measures cable speed
Typically measured in Mbps

Maximum cable length Connector describes the type of plug

Network Cabling
Ethernet
Very popular cabling technology 10 Base T, 10Base2, 10Base5 Maximum bandwidth 10 Mbps Maximum distances100 to 500 meters

Network Cabling
Fast Ethernet
Newer version of Ethernet Bandwidth is 100 Mbps Uses Cat5 or greater cable
Sometimes called 100Base T

Requires a switch

Network Cabling
Gigabit Ethernet
High bandwidth version of Ethernet 1 to 10 Gbps Cat 5 or fiber optic cable Video applications

Network Cabling
Token ring
Uses shielded twisted pair cabling Bandwidth between 10 and 25 Mbps Uses a multiple access unit (MAU) Popular in manufacturing and finance

Network Protocols
Language of the network
Rules of communication Error resolution Defines collision and collision recovery Size of packet Naming rules for computers

Network Protocols
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Most popular protocol Machines assigned a name of 4 numbers
IP address 209.8.166.179 is the White Houses web site

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

Simplifies assignment of IP addresses

Required for Internet access

Network Protocols
Token ring
Popular in manufacturing and finance Nodes communicate when they have the token

Chapter 9A

End of Chapter

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