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Transport - nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases Communication hormones Temperature regulation Immunity - White Blood Cells (WBCs)

1 ) Fluid in which materials are dissolved --- BLOOD 2 ) Network of tubes or body spaces --- BLOOD VESSELS 3 ) Force for moving fluids --- HEART

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Unicellular organisms use their cell surface Sponges propel seawater in and out by ciliary action. Hydra and planaria lack hearts and blood vessels, instead use their skin

Blood is pumped into open cavities under low pressure

Blood mixes with interstitial fluid

Not efficient system but is seen in insects, snails, and crustaceans

Blood is always contained in blood vessels

Blood doesnt mix with interstitial fluid

More efficient due to faster pumping of materials

Give 3 functions of a circulatory system? Give 3 components of a circulatory system? Difference between open and closed systems

Blood is a connective tissue (related to tendons!) ` Body contains 4-6 L of blood ` 55% plasma, 45% formed elements (cells and fragments) ` The % of red blood cells in blood is called a hematocrit
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transport nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other vital chemicals into or out of body cells regulate body temperature, pH and other chemical levels in the body provide protection against disease (via the immune system)

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A straw-coloured liquid 90% water

Serum
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Nutrients, hormones, electrolytes, enzymes, antibodies, wastes and water Fibrinogen, serum albumin, serum globulin

Blood proteins:
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ERYTHROCYTES ` red blood cells-RBCs ` live only 120 days ` transport O2 in using haemoglobin (280 million per RBC). A hemoglobin molecule contains four iron atoms. ` shape maximizes surface area ` no nucleus in mature cells

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White blood cells- WBCs less numerous than RBCs (1 in 700) variety of types mature cells possess one or more nuclei all blood cells are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow

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also known as thrombocytes only cell fragments live about 10 days required for clotting process in conjunction with clotting proteins.

Blue is platelets, yellow in fibrin

RBCs may have specific protein markers on them called antigens there will also be specific antibodies present in the blood example: if an A antibody is present in the serum, then any RBCs with A antigen would be attacked by this antibody antibody-antigen reaction usually results in clotting and death

What are the two components of blood? Give 3 components of formed elements. What blood types can safely receive A type blood? Why?

Major vessels animation

ARTERIES ` thick walled, muscular and elastic ` lead away from the heart ` smaller branches called arterioles VEINS ` thin walled, less muscular but quite elastic ` lead toward the heart ` possess one-way valves

Venous valves and skeletal muscle work together in a low-pressure system to move blood back to the heart

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single celled site of exchange (gases, nutrients, wastes) RBCs travel through single file highly branched connect arteriole system to venous system

ATHEROSCLEROSIS ` accumulation of fat deposits (plaque) along the inner walls of arteries ARTERIOSCLEROSIS ` artery walls thicken, harden and lose their elasticity
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both cause a decrease of blood flow, higher blood pressures, and possible blockage of blood vessels.

valves in veins prevent back flow of blood poor circulation may cause some valves to be damaged and blood pools toward the feet surface veins bulge (looks gross)

In what ways do arteries differ from veins? Why do capillaries need to be so thin? Give one disorder each for arteries & veins.

Circulatory systems animation

The heart is the major pump that moves blood through the body. It consists of 4 chambers, which are really 2 pumps that move blood in 2 different directions simultaneously.

Each pump has 2 chambers: an atrium and a ventricle Blood enters the heart through the atrium (thin walls and low pressure), which then pumps the blood into the ventricle (thick walls and high pressure). The ventricle then pumps the blood out of the heart.

The heart has a double circulation system. The pulmonary circuit pumps blood to the lungs and the systemic circuit pumps blood to the body systems (i.e. The head limbs, and trunk).

This system separates the oxygenated and the deoxygenated blood. The right ventricle pumps blood through the shorter pulmonary circuit while the left ventricle pumps blood through the longer systemic circuit. As a result, the left ventricles walls are thicker and stronger. Human blood circulation flash animatiom

A series of valves prevents blood from flowing in the wrong direction as it is pumped through the heart. Atrioventricular (AV) valves are located between the atria and ventricles on each side of the heart and prevent blood from flowing back to the atria after is has been pumped into the ventricle.

The AV valves are called cuspid valves because they have cusps or flaps of tissue. The right AV valve has 3 flaps and is called the tricuspid valve. The left AV valve has 2 flaps and is called a bicuspid valve, but is more commonly referred to as the mitral valve.

Semilunar valves prevent blood from re-entering the heart after being pumped out of the ventricles. The Pulmonary valve is located between the right atrium and the pulmonary artery. The aortic valve is located between the left atrium and the aorta.

Heart structure and function movie

The closing of the heart valves is responsible for the lub-dub sound of the heart beat. The Lub (softer) occurs when the AV valves close and the Dub (louder) occurs when the semilunar valves close.

Vena Cava (Superior and Inferior) Return deoxygenated blood from body Pulmonary Artery Transfers deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs Pulmonary Vein Returns oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium Aorta Transports oxygenated blood from left ventricle to body Coronary Arteries and Veins Supply oxygenated blood to heart and return deoxygenated blood to right atrium

Cardiac output: the volume of blood pumped by the heart, expressed as mL per minute. It can indicate: ` the total level of work the bodys muscles can perform ` how easily the heart fills with blood ` the distensibility (stretchiness) of the ventricles Heart rate and stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each heartbeat) are used to calculate cardiac output (= heart rate stroke volume). ` Calculate your average cardiac output: ` Your stroke volume should be around 70 mL

Cardiovascular fitness is the capacity of the lungs, heart, and blood vessels to deliver oxygen to working muscles. Another good indicator of cardiovascular fitness is the length of time it takes the heart to return to its resting heart rate after strenuous exercise.

Why would individual C be considered to be the most fit? What factors determine this?

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Automatic Regulation of the Heart

Electrical conduction system of the heart video

Unlike skeletal muscles which contract voluntarily, cardiac muscle contracts automatically. Each of the cardiac muscle cells has its own intrinsic contraction rate. A bundle of specialized muscle tissue called the sino-atrial node , and commonly referred to as the pace-maker, sets the contraction rhythm of the heart. Contraction of the heart occurs in distinct stages which produce electrical impulses. These impulses can be detected using an electrocardiogram (ECG). As the heart contracts, a pattern of waves (P, Q, R, S) can be seen. The waves correspond to specific stages of the heart's contraction.

Contraction of the heart begins when the SA node sends an electrical impulse that spreads over the two atria, causing them both to contract. This corresponds to the P wave of the ECG. The signal reaches another bundle of fibres called the atrioventricular node. Here the signal pauses to make sure the atria are completely emptied of blood. This corresponds to the letter Q on the ECG tracing.

The signal travels through the Bundle of His down the septum of the heart and up the Purkinjie Fibres, causing both ventricles to begin contracting from the bottom up. Both ventricles completely empty themselves of all blood. This corresponds to the letter R on the ECG tracing.

The heart rate can be increased or decreased using "input" (feedback signals) from the body. In response to physical activity, the medulla oblongata can send signals through nerves which cause chemicals to be released into the blood and trigger a change in the heart rate.

Contraction of the ventricles propels blood into the arteries, causing it to apply a force against the arterial walls. The pressure exerted by blood against the walls of a vessel is called Blood

Pressure

The highest blood pressure in the body is generated by the contraction of the left ventricle as it forces blood towards the tissue of the body. This occurs during ventricular systole and is called systolic pressure. The lowest pressure occurs immediately before the ventricles contract (diastole) and is called the diastolic pressure.

Blood pressure is normally recorded as the ratio of systolic pressure/diastolic pressure of the brachial artery (arm). The pressures are measured in the non SI unit mmHg (millimetres of mercury). The blood pressures of a healthy young adult are typically 120 mmHg systolic pressure and 80 mmHg diastolic pressure, represented as the ratio 120 mmHg/80 mmHg

Blood Pressure is determined by two factors:

Cardiac output- the amount of blood being pumped by the heart x Determined by cardiac output stroke volume Peripheral resistance- the resistance to blood flow How can blood pressure be increased?

Hypertension- blood pressure consistently above 140/90 Arterial Plaque- build up of plaque is called atherosclerosis, which narrows the arteries

Coronary Artery Disease- hardening of the arteries that supply blood to the heart Angina- chest pain that occurs when the heart muscles does not get enough blood Heart Attack- occurs when blood to supply to part of the heart is disrupted, killing heart tissue; may happen when clots develop at the site of plaques

Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer or blood pressure cuff. The blood pressure cuff consisted of an inflatable cuff and a tube of mercury connected to a pressure gauge.