General

 Various characters are

2. Flattened form
3. Very thin
4. Contain chlorophyll
5. Presence of supporting &
conducting strands
 Description
 Expanded portion is called Blade /
Lamina
If lamina undivided simple
if divided compound
 Attached to stem by a stalk petiole
If present petiolate
if not sessile
 Upper angle between petiole & stem
axil
 Central vein Midrib
lateral veins veinlets
Small area closed by veins vein
islet
 Edges margin
 Histology
 Epidermis

 Cortex
Mesophyll
Stelar tissue
 Epidermis
 It is continuous with that of stem
 Present as upper / lower / both
 Usually single layered but may
become multi layered
 Multi layered epidermis often acts
as a water storage tissue
 Inner layer often called as
hypodermis
 Cells are closely packed without
any inter cellular spaces except at
stomata
 Outer walls of epidermis is
differentiated in to layers
 Cuticle composed of cellulose
 Thickenings sometimes present
 Papillae dome shaped /
conical projections towards
outside
 Trichome elongated tubular out
growths
Covering & glandular
 Special like hydathodes

 Stomata

 It consists of two guard cells placed with

their long axes parallel & have a small
intercellular space – Porus in between
them
 It consists of Subsidiary cells which are
cut off from the mother cell during the
formation of stoma .These acquire a
definite shape & size differing from
those of other epidermal cells
 Types of stomata
Moss guard cells united by breaking
down of the dividing wall during
growth
Gymnospermous oval in shape in T.S
placed at an angle of
45°with the outer surface
& walls partly lignified
Gramineous dumbell shaped
Dicotyledonous oval or circular in outline with
arcuate guard cells
* Paracytic / Rubiaceous / Parallel celled
* Diacytic / caryophyllaceous / cross celled
* Anomocytic / Ranunculaceous / irregular
celled
 Mesophyll

 Parenchymatous ground tissue

between the two epidermises
 Differentiated in to Palisade &
Spongy parenchyma
 Others found in mesophyll are
Collecting cell
Idioblasts
 Types of Leaves
 Centric leaf
Approx. cylindrical in shape
Mesophyll shows radial symmetry
Has single axially placed vein
completely surrounded by mesophyll

 Isobilateral leaf
Flat. One or more layers of palisade
cells under each epidermis

 Dorsiventral leaf
flat distinct upper & lower surface.
 Stelar tissue
 T.S meristele is in the form of arc
 Xylem towards upper surface
spreading lower surface
 Phloem forms a band between
xylem & cortical parenchyma
on lower surface
 Medullary rays
Traverse Xylem & Phloem in radiating
lines
 Cambiform tissue
Present between Xylem & Phloem
 Vascular bundles
 Collateral
Xylem & Phloem side by side on the
same radius phloem

 Bicollateral xylem

Phloem on either side of xylem

on same radius ph
xy
 Radial ph
Xylem & Phloem on different radii
hardocentric
 Concentric leptocentric
One type of vascular tissue surrounded
by another
 Terms
 1st formed primary xylem Protoxylem
 Xylem formed at later stages Metaxylem
 Protoxylem towards periphery of stelar tissue
Exarch
 Protoxylem towards center of stelar tissue
Endarch
 Protoxylem surrounded by Metaxylem
Mesarch
 If cambium present between Xylem & Phloem
Open vascular bundles
 If cambium absent between Xylem & Phloem
Closed vascular bundles