UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY

1. Power Fundamentals 2. Power Problems. * Types of Power Problem. * Solutions/Protection. 1. Types Of UPS systems. 2. UPS tech. Specs Fundamentals. 1) Power Factor 2) Crest Factor 3) Voltage Regulation 4) a) Line Interactive specs. b) On Line specs. 1. Battery. 2. Power Drawn by Computer. 3. Comparison Of Line Interactive & On-Line UPS systems.

INDEX: FUNDAMENTALS POWER

POWER PROBLEMS (a) TYPES (b) PROTECTION UPS SYSTEMS TYPES OF UPS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LINE INTERACTIVE AND ON LINE UPS TECHNICAL TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH UPS BATTERIES

DATEX

POWER FUNDAMENTALS
VOLTAGE CURRENT RESISTANCE DC VOLTAGE AC VOLTAGE POWER FREQUENCY WAVEFORM TRANSFORMER

 Voltage : is the source of power that makes the Power Fundamentals current flow and helps the electrical appliances to perform their functions. Symbol: V Volts. we get : 220volts Measured in: In our household

VOLTAGE Voltage is the electrical force that moves electrons through a conductor. Voltage is electrical pressure also known as EMF (Electro Motive Force) that pushes electrons. The greater the difference in electrical potential push (difference between positive and negative), the greater the voltage force potential.

MEASUREMENT
A VOLTMETER measures the voltage potential across or parallel to the circuit.The Voltmeter measures the amount of electrical pressure difference between two points being measured.Voltage can exist between two points without electron flow.

CURRENT (AMPERES)
CURRENT is the quantity or flow rate of electrons moving past a point within one second. Current flow is also known as amperage, or amps for short. It is similar to flow of water in a pipe. Higher voltage will produce higher current flow, and lower voltage will produce lower current flow. Just like higher pressure makes more water flow, and less pressure means less water flow.

MEASUREMENT Of Current
An AMMETER measures the quantity of current flow. Ammeters are placed in series (inline) to count the electrons passing through it. Example: Example A water meter counts the gallons of water flowing through it.

Power Fundamentals
Current : It refers to flow of electric charge.Current has been the result of motion of electrons or ions under the influence of an e.m.f. or we can simply say it is a flow of electrically charged electrons. Symbol: I Measured in : Amperes (A).

Electrical Fundamentals
Units of measurement of Current

Current flow is measured in units called Amperes or AMPS.

Amperage measurements can use different value prefixes, such as micro-amp, milli-amp, and Amp. AMPERAGE Symbol A mA Pronounced Microamp milliamp A

Multiplier

0.000001 0.001

Amp 1

RESISTANCE
Resistance is the force that reduces or stops the flow of electrons. It opposes voltage. Higher resistance will decrease the flow of electrons and lower resistance will allow more electrons to flow.

Therefore a Load with less resistance will cause more current to flow through it. That is why a short circuit in an electrical line causes infinite amount of current to flow, as there is zero resistance.This causes heating and eventually burning of the wire.

MEASUREMENT
An OHMMETER measures the resistance of an electrical circuit or component. No voltage can be applied while the ohmmeter is connected, or damage to the meter will occur. Example: Water flows through a garden hose, and someone steps on the hose. The greater the pressure placed on the hose, the greater the hose restriction and the less water flows.

RESISTANCE FACTORS
Various factors can affect the resistance. These include: LENGTH of the conductor. The longer the conductor, the higher the resistance. DIAMETER of the conductor. The narrower the conductor, the higher the resistance. TEMPERATURE of the material. Depending on the material, most will increase resistance as temperature increases. PHYSICAL CONDITION (DAMAGE) to the material. Any damage will increase resistance. TYPE of MATERIAL used. Various materials have a wide range of resistances.

DIRECT CURRENT (DC)

Electricity with electrons flowing in only one direction is called Direct Current or DC. DC electrical systems are used in cars.

ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)

Electricity with electrons flowing back and forth, negative - positive- negative, is called Alternating Current, or AC. The electrical appliances in your home use AC power.

Power Fundamentals
Power :It may be defined as the rate of energy transfer (or work done) by or to a system.In an electrical system power has been given by V I, where V is the potential difference across a conductor and I the current through it. Symbol : P Measured in : Watts(it is the energy transfer in joules per second).

Power ( P ) = Volts X Amp. ( VA) Another unit for power is Watts. What is the relation between VA and watts ? There are two types of electrical loads 1. Purely resitive 2. Inductive or Capacitive collectively called reactive loads.

In purely resistive

loads

VA = Watts or VA is same as watts. Examples of purely resistive loads are Electric Bulbs, heaters, toasters etc. What it means is that the load is consuming and converting all electrical energy into heat and/or light energy.

There are other types of loads which behave in a different manner, when a voltage is applied to them a current flows through them but they do not consume all the current passing through. Examples of such loads are Motors like in Fans, Air conditioners, transformers, elevators etc. Some amount of current keeps flowing in the system without being consumed. In this case Watts { VA and VA > watts The ratio of VA to Watts in such types of loads is called Power factor. factor = watts / VA

A.C. Voltage as it comes in our households

One Cycle

Frequency (f ) = 1/ T
Peak Voltage = 320 V R.M.S. Voltage = 220 V Average Voltage = 207 V

T = 20 msec, f = 1/20 m sec = 50 Hz

T
Sine Wave Form

The common voltage which comes in our households is known as Sine Wave. As is clear from the diag. This voltage keeps alternating between positive and negative. It starts from Zero, continuously increases to reach a peak of about 320 Volts, then starts decreasing to zero again and continues the reducing trend to reach a negative peak of -320 V. It then again starts increasing to Zero Volts. This is one complete cycle, which is then repeated again and again. Time taken to complete one cycle is 20 milisecond. And it traverses 50 cycles in one second. This is known as

frequency.
The peak AC voltage is 320 Volts , and RMS voltage is 220 Volts.

Transformer
A device which is used for changing the voltage of an alternating supply. Transformers are not having moving parts and operate by the current in one coil, the Primary winding, electromagnetically inducing a current in another , the Secondary winding,which forms part of a separate electrical circuit.The ratio of the voltages in the primary and secondary circuits, V1/V2 has been approx. equal to the ratio of the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils . STEP UP transformers are used to increase voltage and reduce the current of the output from power stations so that losses in transmisssion lines are minimised.The voltage gets reduced in stages by STEP DOWN transformers nearer the user.

Types Of Transformer

Transformer

Isolated

Automotive

Step Up

Step Down

Step Up

Step Down

What are power problems ? How do they affect working of computers ? What are the ways to cure them ?

      

Black Out Brown Outs- (dips) Spikes Sags Surges Line noise Continuous Low and High Voltages

BLACK OUTS
* Implies total power failure
Cause : Excessive demand on the power grid, snapping of power cables, load shedding by electricity supply boards.

Effects :
* Loss of data stored on the hard drives due to sudden switching off of the computer systems. * Loss of work due to non functioning of Computers. * Frequent corruption in Operating system and application softwares which need to be loaded again and again. Resulting in loss of Many Man hours and delays in meeting deadlines.

BROWN OUTS/ DIPS

* Implies a significant drop in voltage .

* Cause :(i) Start up power demands of many electrical devices (Like motors, compressors, elevators etc).

(ii)Electric utilities lowering voltage levels to cope with extra ordinary power demands which are in excess of the generating capacity.

* Effects : Possibilities of frozen keyboards and unexpected system crashes. Resulting in Hanged motherboards.

SURGES
* Implies a short term increase in voltage typically lasting 1/120th of a second. *Cause : High powered electrical motors in air conditioners, house hold appliances etc. when switched off, causes extra voltage to be dissipated through the power line. *Effects: Delicate components can get stressed and this can cause system failure.

A/C

PCs MOTOR

Elevator

TUBELITE

FANS

SPIKES
* Implies an instantaneous increase in voltage of a very high orders. * Cause :Typically caused by a nearby lightning strike or by power lines being broken in a storm etc. * Effect : Catastrophic damage to hardware. Loss of data`

Upto 2000

Electric what

GENERATION OF ELECTRIC LIGHTNING

Transmission Line

CONSUMER

LINE NOISE
* Implies Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI) & Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) in the line. * Cause : Electrical noise is caused by lightning, load switching, generators, radio transmitters & industrial equipment. * Effect : Noise introduces glitches & errors into executable programs and data files.

Types of Protection
-Stabilizers - Servo Stabilizers - Spikebusters - CVTs - UPS Systems

SERVO STABILIZERS
* Maintains a stable output in the presence of an erratic fluctuating input but has a slow response. * It is not so suitable as the only protection device for computers because of their slow response and they are useless during a power failure.

STABILIZERS *It is a machine which gives stabilize /regulated output for a particular input range.Operation is achieved by the help of auto transformer and electromechanical relays.

SPIKEBUSTERS
* It reduce the severity of voltage spikes on the mains line. * But they can neither provide a regulated output nor provide power in the event of a power failure.

CVTs
* It produce a very stable out-put voltage. * It can remove voltage sags & surges from the mains voltage quite effectively. * But CVTs are expensive and noisy. * They are useless in the event of a power failure.

UPS SYSTEMS
* Protect the computer & other power sensitive equipments incase of power failure. * Ensures a regulated stable output and additional filtering during spikes and surges.

Off-line On-line Line-Interactive UPS

 Off-Line DATEX UPS systems have a battery power conversion circuit with a switch that senses power irregularities and automatically switches to battery. The main drawbacks of offline UPSs are that they offer only limited regulation and have a comparatively larger switchover time.

Off-Line
AC Input AC Output

AC

AC Charger Battery

 In Datex Online UPS system, even in the presence of mains, the computer is always powered by the battery/inverter circuit. Another charger circuit keeps charging the battery. There s no switchover involved. Online are more complex, bulkier and more expensive but offer a better Voltage regulation and pure sine wave output.

On-Line

By Pass Switch

AC Input

AC

AC DC

AC Output

Battery

 Similar to the offline units, Datex UPSs also switch to battery whenever input voltage hits predetermined levels. Line-interactive models provide voltage regulation features and have lesser switchover time and better performance than the offline models. They provide better protection against spikes and switching transients.

Line Interactive
AC Input

AC DC

Buck/ Boost Regulator

AC Output

Discharge

Charge



Battery

COMPARISON BETWEEN LINE INTERACTIVE AND ONLINE UPS SYSTEM

ON LINE UPS FEATURES LINE INTERACTIVE UPS COST VOLTAGE REGULATION TRANSIENT RESPONSE ECONOMICAL ADEQUATE (220s 10%) O.K EXPENSIVE EXCELLENT (220s 2%) EXCELLENT

REMARKS

LI is more economical as compared to Online ups. Onlines voltage regulation is much superior than LI. LI takes typically 20 to 50 ms to correct a voltage and also some amount of transition always passed on the load. But online UPS output is completely isolated from input hence, no transient is carried to the load. There are some voltage sensitive devices which require pure sine wave which can be only provided by online ups. Online ups provides purely uninterrupted and regulated supply to the load.

WAVE FORM

QUASI SINEWAVE (MOSTLY)

PURE SINEWAVE

TRANSFER TIME

5 10 Millisecond

ZERO

SERVICEABILITY

EASY TO SERVICE

LITTLE DIFFICULT TO SERVICE

Because of compact size and simple design LI is easy to service and replace as and when required and online is little difficult to service bcz of its complicated design. LI is small and relatively more user-friendly.

SIZE

COMPACT

BULKY

Comparison on the basis of cost

Line-Interactive On-Line Remarks

Economical

Expensive

LI is more economical as compared to Online UPS.

Comparison on the basis of Voltage Regulation.

Line-Interactive On-Line Remarks

Adequate

Excellent

Onlines voltage regulation is much superior than LI.

Comparison on the basis of Transient Response

Line-Interactive O.K On-Line Excellent Remarks LI takes typically 20 to 50ms to correct a voltage and also some amount of transition is always passed on the load .But Online UPS output is completely isolated from input hence ,no transition is carried to the load

Comparison on the basis of Wave Form

Line-Interactive On-Line Remarks There are some voltage sensitive devices which require pure sine wave,which can be only provided by On-Line UPS. Quasi Sine wave Pure Sinewave (Mostly)

Comparison on the basis of Transfer Time

Line-Interactive 5-10 Millisecond On-Line Zero Remarks Online UPS provides purely uninterrupted and regulated supply to the load.

Comparison on the basis of Serviceability

Line-Interactive Easy to Service On-Line Remarks Little Because of compact difficult to size and simple Service design LI is easy to service and replace as and when required and online is little difficult to service because of its complicated design.

Comparison on the basis of Size

Line-Interactive Compact On-Line Bulky Remarks LI is small and relatively more userfriendly.

Comparison on the basis of Weight

Line-Interactive Light On-Line Heavy Remarks LI occupies less space and can be conveniently moved around.

Comparison on the basis of Capacity

Line-Interactive Maximum Rating upto 3KVA On-Line Any rating Remarks Customer gets wider choice in On-Line UPS system.

Rating (VA & Watt) Transfer Time Input Voltage Window AVR (Voltage Regulation) Backup Time Crest Factor Transient response

UPS RATING
VA = V x I (volt ampere) Watts = V x I x Power factor (watts is the actual energy consumed per unit time by an electrical load) Power factor = Cos (the ratio of actual power to reactive power is called power factor)

(For Datex Accure power factor is 0.8/>4.0) (For Datex Clarrion power factor is 0.7 to unity)

TRANSFER TIME
Switch over time in case of power failure from mains mode to the battery mode.
(For Datex Accure it is typically 2-3msec.) (For Datex Clarrion it is Zero as in this case there is no transfer time.)

INPUT VOLTAGE WINDOW

Input voltage range within which the UPS continues to be in the mains mode.

(For Datex Accure input voltage window is 150-270 V ) (For Datex Clarrion input voltage window is 160-280 V)

AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulation)

This is a feature which provides a regulated output voltage to the load & protects the load from voltage fluctuations.

(Datex Accure regulates output voltage within 220V 8%) (Datex Clarrion regulates output voltage within 220V 1%)

BACKUP TIME
The time period for which the UPS can supply power to the recommended load in the battery mode is known as backup time.

CREST FACTOR
It is defined as the ratio of Peak power load to average power load. In case of DATEX it is >3

TRANSIENT RESPONSE It is a sudden fluctuation in voltage lasting from 100th of a second to few seconds.
(In case of Datex Accure it is 20 to 50 ms). (In case of Datex Clariion it is zero).

Battery Fundamentals

THE AUTOMOTIVE BATTERY

A lead-acid storage battery is an electrochemical device that produces voltage and delivers electrical current. The battery is the primary "source" of electrical energy used in vehicles today. It's important to remember that a battery does not store electricity, but rather it stores a series of chemicals, and through a chemical process electricity is produced. Basically, two different types of lead in an acid mixture react to produce an electrical pressure called voltage. This electrochemical reaction changes chemical energy to electrical energy and is the basis for all automotive batteries

Battery Basics CELL VOLTAGE Each cell element of the battery produces approximately 2.1 volts, regardless of the quantity or size of the plates. Automobile batteries have six cells that are connected in series, which produces a total voltage of 12.6 volts.

BATTERY
Specifications:(1) Voltage 12V 6V & 2V Cells (2) Ampere Hour (AH)

BATTERY CHARACTERSTICS

TYPES OF BATTERIES -Ni Cd Batteries -Lead Acid

Ni Cd Batteries
Used for low power applications like, mobile phone, cordless phones etc.

Lead Acid Batteries

Used for high power applications, like UPS, Telephone exchange, Automobiles.

There are two types of Lead Acid Batteries

-Sealed Maintenance free (SMF) -Automotive

DIFFERENT BATTERIES GENERALLY IN USE

-12V 7AH -12V 17AH -12V 28AH -12V 45AH -12V 65AH -Automotive 150Ah (trucking battery) exide.

TYPES OF BATTERIES

Lead Acid
Choice for UPS Sealed Maintenance free (SMF) Automotive

Ni cd

High Power

Low Power