Treatment of

Psychological
Disorders
 Modern Treatment
Facilities
 Hospitalization
 Community Mental Health Centres
 Advances in psychotropic medication
 Deinstitutionalization

 Consequences of deinstitutionalization
 Psychotherapy Settings
 Hospitals
 Community Mental Health Centres
 Private offices / clinics
 Mental Health
Professionals
 Psychiatrists
 Psychoanalysts
 Psychologists
 Clinical
 Counseling

 School

 Psychiatric social workers

 Nurses
Training of Professionals
 Psychiatrists – Trained as doctors and
then specialize in psyvchiatry. Can
prescribe
 Psychologists – Trained in graduate
school of psychology. Expert in
research, teaching, assessment &
clinical practice
 Counselors – Degree in counseling
 Social Workers – Masters degree in
social work
 Nurses – Trained in nursing and
 Biomedical Therapy
 Drug therapy
 Antianxiety Drugs
 Antipsychotic Drugs

 Antidepressants

 Lithium

 Electroconvulsive therapy
 Psychosurgery
 Drug Therapy
 Types of antipsychotic drugs –
chlorpromazine, thioridazine,
trifluoperazine, fluphenazine
 Prevent dopamine activity that helps
to reduce episodes of delusion &
hallicunation
 Long term use of antipsychotic drug
gives side effects known as Tardive
Dyskinesia (TD) – movement
disorders – eg. lip smacking, stiff
 Side Effect of
Antipsychotic Drug
 Happens when patient on
,medication for 6 months or more
 Develop Tardive Dyskinesia ( TD)
 Sometimes movement disorders so
severe that leads to difficulty in
breathing, talking or eating
 Tardive Dyskinesia
 One out of four people who take
antipsychotic drug develop TD
 Happen more among senior citizens
& women
 Majority of people who get TD
become disabled
 If take medication for a while, then
stops – probability of relapse doubles
New Antipsyshotic Drugs
 Clozapine, olanzapine – less side
effects
 Clozapine least likely to get TD, but
will be more risky for other side
effects such as more white blood
cells
 Therefore, need to go for blood
transfusion often
 Psychiatric Treatment
 Recommend a course of
antidepressant medication, eg.
Valium – for panic attack
 For OCD – Prozac, helps to increase
serotonin level in the brain
 Treatment for anxiety – mild
tranquilizers
 Basic Features of
Psychotherapy
 Systematic interaction – therapists &
clients interact within a structure with
plans & purposes that reflect therapist’s
theoretical point of view
 Psychological principles – draw on
psychological principles, theory & research
in their practice
 Behaviour, thoughts & feelings –
directed at behavioural, cognitive, &b
emotional domain to help clients
 Abnormal behaviour, problem solving,
& personal growth – many people
benefit from psychotherapy
 Techniques of
Psychotherapy
 Psychodynamic therapy
 Behaviour therapy
 Cognitive therapy
 Cognitive-behaviour therapy
 Humanistic therapy
 Eclecetic therapy
 Group, Family and Marital Therapy
Psychodynamic Therapy
 Focus on conflicts arising during
childhood
 Release repression of unconscious or
inner conflicts
 Free association
 Dream analysis
 Transference
 Behaviour Therapy
 Principles of learning, conditioning,
reinforcement
 Systematic desensitization – face the
source of anxiety
 In-vivo exposure
 Selective reinforcement
 Modeling
 Behavioural rehearsal
 Self regulation
 Systematic
Desensitization
 Relax on a couch
 Mentally, work way through fear-
stimulus hierarchy, step by step
 Treatment for anxiety, OCD
 Exposure Therapy
 Subject exposed to intense anxiety-
provoking situations
 Use gradual exposure – do step by
step to overcome anxiety
 Use flooding – helps to extinct or
wipe out anxiety
 Cognitive Therapy
 Focus on the dysfunctional thoughts
that may underlie depression
 Rational emotive therapy
 Beck’s emotive therapy
 Cognitive-Behaviour
Therapy (CBT)
 Behaviour modification plus a focus
on changing reasoning and thinking
 Uses relaxation techniques,
decatastrophizing, substitute rational
alternatives for anxiety-inducing
thoughts
 Produces better long-term results
after treatment termination,
compared to pharmacological
approaches for panic atatck
 Usedf for social phobia, panic, GAD
 Applications of CBT
 Anxiety disorders
 Depression
 Eating disorders
 Drug and al;cohol dependence
 Sexual dysfunction
 Humanistic Therapy
 Person-Centred Therapy - Carl
Rogers:
 Explore how one’s anxiety stems from
incongruence between his true self and
his social façade
 Emphasizes individual tendency toward
growth and self-actualization
 Client centred therapy

 Empathy

 Warmth


Sociocultural Approaches
 Group therapy – cost efefctive
compared to individual therapy
 Self-help groups
 Couple therapy
 Family therapy
 Community based programs
 Eclectic Approaches
 Use a combination of approaches
and techniques from different
therapies, including religious therapy
if necessary
 Multicultural Issues in
Psychotherapy
 Need to take cultural factors into
account
 Psychotherapy is Western in origin
 Some culture may place more value
on spiritual or religious intervention
rather than psychotherapy
 Befrienders
 NGO that gives emotional support to
those who are depressed
 Befrienders’ Message – “Prevent suicide
is everybody’s work”
 14th October – National Suicidal Prevention
Day
 KL – 03 - 7956 8144
 Penang – 04 - 281 5161 / 1108
 Ipoh – 05 – 547 7933 / 55
 Melaka – 06 – 284 2500
 Neurotransmitter &
Relationship with Pattern
of Behavioural Disorder
 Acetylcholine – control muscles &
develop memory. If deficient,
Alzheimer disease
 Dopamine – control muscles &
process mental activity related with
learning, memory & emotion. Less
dopamine, become schizophrenic
 Ctd…
 Norepinephrine – mental process
involved with learning & memory. If
not balanced, related with mood
dosorder such as depression
 Serotonin – control mood,
satisfaction, & sleep. If not regular,
causes depression & eating disorder
 Nervous System
 Central Nervous System – brain &
spinal cord
 Peripheral Nervous System – nervous
system that receives & sends
messages to the brain & spinal cord;
& secretion of hormones
 Functions of the Brain
 Central Nervous System – spinal cord
meets the brain
 Medulla – control heart beat &
perspiration
 Pons – Respiration
 Cerebellum – Coordination &
balance
 Mid Brain – connects between hind
brain and fore brain
 Functions of the Brain 2
 Reticular Activating System –
comprises all three brain parts –
attention, sleep & stimulus
 Hippothalamus – control body
temperature, emotion & motivation
 Thalamus – send message to the
cortex & sleep process & attention
 Functions of the Brain 3
 Cerebral Cortex – Control higher
brain function, eg thinking & use of
language
 Corpus Callosum – connects two
hemispheres of cerebral cortex