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1980 - American researchers discovered non-coding regions of DNA 1984 - Professor Alec Jeffreys developed the process of DNA profiling 1987 - First conviction based on DNA evidence

testing was first introduced in England in 1985 by Alec Jeffreys, an English geneticist who found that DNA sequences were repeated next to each other in certain regions of DNA. His genetic fingerprinting was first available in 1987.
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DNA

also was the one who discovered the fact that the number of repeating sequences differed from one person to the next. Because of his discoveries, the National Research council declared DNA testing as a reliable method of identifying criminal suspects in 1992.
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He

Definition Stages involved Any two applications

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A process or technique of analysis revealing unique patterns of an individuals DNA involving non-coding regions

 If

DNA is cut with a restriction enzyme that recognizes sites on either side of the region that varies, DNA fragments of different sizes will be produced. DNA fingerprint is made by analyzing the different sizes of DNA fragments produced from a number of different sites that vary within the genome.

Cells broken down to release DNA DNA strands cut into fragments Fragments separated Pattern of fragments analysed
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DNA Extraction:
DNA can be extracted from almost any human tissue. Buccal cells from inside cheek for paternity tests. Sources of DNA at crime scene: blood, semen, hair follicle, saliva. DNA extracted from evidence is compared to DNA from known individuals

2. DNA CUTTING

3. FRAGMENT SEPARATION

The samples containing the fragments are pipetted into individual wells in a gel

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Fragments separated by length DNA (negatively charged) Moves towards +ve terminal Shorter fragments move faster
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DNA split into single strands using alkaline solution DNA fragments transferred from gel to filter paper or nylon membrane (This is called Southern blotting) Gel, with filter paper attached, is removed & separated
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Radioactive probe in solution binds to DNA

Revealing a pattern of bands

X-ray film

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HOW DNA PROBES WORK

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DNA PROFILE
Puppy Sire Dam

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 is

an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger

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 Exemplar

Exemplar prints, or known prints, is the name given to fingerprints deliberately collected from a subject, whether for purposes of enrollment in a system or when under arrest for a suspected criminal offense.

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 LATENT means

any chance or accidental impression left by friction ridge skin on a surface, regardless of whether it is visible or invisible at the time of deposition.

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prints are chance friction ridge impressions which are obvious to the human eye and which have been caused by the transfer of foreign material from a finger onto a surface
Patent

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process of electrophoresis separates each of the DNA strands by size. This helps scientists to better understand what DNA they are viewing. When they separate the DNA molecules by size, this is what creates the DNA "fingerprint."
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The

Gel
A gel is used in this process to hold the DNA. The gel is made up of a substance called agarose. The gel is made with small pits in the top of the gel structure. These pits will hold the DNA segments.

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 DNA and

Phosphate

The backbone of the DNA is made up of a sugar-phosphate pattern. This pattern runs through the entire length of the DNA. Due to the fact the phosphate compound is negatively charged and it runs throughout the entire length of the DNA, the DNA is negatively
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 Electrical

Charge

Electrical current is placed at one end of the gel, with positive electrodes at the top of the gel -- closest to the pits with the DNA inside -- and negative electrodes at the bottom. Due to the fact DNA is negatively charged, it will move through the gel toward the bottom and the positive electrodes. The gel will offer resistance for the DNA, so it will take larger strands a longer time to pass through the gel than shorter strands. The process is stopped at a predetermined time, and wherever the DNA is in the gel, that will give an indication of how large each of the strands were. This final image, after the electrophoresis, is the DNA "fingerprint."

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Forensic Science Family Relationships Health Care

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Multi-locus
Bind to a large number of VNTRs at different locations Produce a bar code pattern

Single-locus
Bind to one type of VNTR at a specific location Produce a two band pattern

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Problems with DNA Testing

Many have questioned the validity of DNA fingerprinting test results. Because the burden of proof is on the forensic scientists, there are safeguards in place to be sure that DNA fingerprinting results are accurate. The first is the control DNA that runs through the tests alongside the suspect's DNA and the DNA found at the crime scene. If the control DNA tests properly, then the DNA in question tested properly as well. Another safeguard in place is that the test is run four times using four different restriction enzymes. In order to be absolutely positive of a match, all four sets of DNA from the crime scene must match all four sets of DNA from the suspect. With these safeguards in place, the odds are one in 70 billion (140 times Earth's population) that the results are inaccurate.

is a rare medical condition which causes a person to have no fingerprints. It is also known as "immigration delay disease". There are only four known extended families worldwide which are affected by this condition.

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Tommie Lee Andrews is convicted of rape in Orlando based on DNA fingerprinting--the first such case in the nation.

1987

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DNA evidence for the first time overturns a conviction, clearing Gary Dotson of an Illinois rape.

1989

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DNA obtained from crime scenes in 1983 and 1986 proved that the same man raped and killed the two young girls. With the killer's DNA on file and new crime fighting technology at their disposal, police collected blood samples from more than 5,000 men in the community. The killer was eventually caught.
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The

the 1950s, Anna Anderson claimed that she was Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia. In the 1980s, after her death, samples of her tissue that had been stored at a Charlottesville, Virginia hospital following a medical procedure were tested using DNA fingerprinting, and showed that she bore no relation to the Romanovs
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In

Baysa, Shiela May C. Herrera, Daisie Ann L. Quilao, Alyssa Mei C.

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