Well Log Analysis.

CIT-ChE

Sonic Log ( Acoustic Log )

Contents
1. Introduction 2. Measurement Principle of Sonic Velocity Log 3. Sonic Response to Typical Formation 4. Sonic Porosity 5. Shale Effects 6. An Introduction to MAC

Introduction of sonic logs

CNLC

(1) sonic velocity log ; (2) Full Waveform Sonic log ; (3) Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP) log ; (4) sonic amplitude log ; (5) down hole noise log ; (6) sonic image logs .

Applications of Sonic Log

Determine porosity and lithology (with or without other logs); Determine formation mechanical properties which in turn can be used to estimate hydraulic fracturing pressures and to evaluate sanding problem; Measure attenuation of sonic energy to evaluate fracturing and permeability; Combine sonic and density logs to produce synthetic seismic traces; Combine sonic and check shot surveys to calibrate surface seismic data with borehole log data.

Propagation of Elastic Waves

An elastic wave travels through a medium (solid, liquid, or gas) as slight disturbances to the particles in that medium. The wave energy will move the particles parallel to (compressional) and/or perpendicular to (shear) the wave propagation direction.

P-Wave

S-Wave

Stoneley Wave

Stoneley wave is a guided tube wave with velocity and amplitude determined by: Borehole fluid elastic properties Formation elastic properties Formation permeability.

Presentations and scales

Interval transit time ( t, us/ft)---the time required for the wave to travel a given distance. Transit time can be more elegantly called slowness. Most formations have tc values of 45 to 150 us/ft, and ts values of 80 to 200 us/ft Sonic logs are presented on a linear scale, as shown in right Figure.

Measurement Principle of Sonic Velocity Log

The simplest sonic tool has only one transmitters and two receivers. This kind of tool can record the sonic wave that refracts at a critical angle to borehole wall and travels along the side wall .The first arrival compressional waves are recorded by two receivers . The interval transit time ( t) can be used to estimate formation porosity .

Borehole Compensated Sonic (BCS)

The method above doesnt work well when sidewall is rough and the sonde is tilted. A simple means for overcoming this problem is adding a transmitter on the other end , new tc tc =(

tu +

tl) / (2*L)

will be more reliable . Where L= span, usually L=0.5~2 ft . tc is compensated t .

Sonic Response to Typical Formation

Environmental Effects
The depth of investigation of a sonic tool is less than 30 in., so it is subject to borehole effects. These include: gas in the borehole fluid, large diameter boreholes, very slow formations, and the invaded (altered) zone.

Sonic Porosity

Wyllie Time Averge ( WTA )

One of the first relationship proposed to determine from tc was by Wyllie : ( Time Average )

( tc  tma ) Cp( tf  tma )

tma is the pure matrix slowness ; tf is the pore fluid slowness ; Cp is a correction,Cp=1 in hard rocks ,but in unconsolidated formation better results are found by using Cp =( tshale /100).

Where

Shale Effects

Sonic logs will generally have to be corrected for the presence of shales before estimating porosity from tc. The method is to determine Vsh from some other source (such as the Gamma Ray), and reduce tc by some amount which depends on Vsh and tsh. The normal method for this is: ( tc)shale corr = tc Vsh* tsh

Shale and Clay Distribution

Shale Distribution and Effects on

Multipole Array Acoustic Log

The

conventional sonic velocity log only determinates the first arrival compressional wave. The following wave (such as shear wave, Stoneley wave ) are now be recorded, its amplitude or wave form has been used for rock mechanics analyzing.

Compressional

Shear Stoneley

us

Shear Comp. Stoneley

Slowness (us/ft)

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DIAGRAPHIES SONIQUES

ANALYSE STRATIGRAPHIQUE

Rock Mechanical Properties