The Muscular System

Specialized tissue that enable the body and its parts to move.

Anterior View

Posterior View

TRIVIA!

 

How many muscles are there in the human body?

Answer: 640 Muscles The muscles make up about 40 % of the body mass.


 

What is the longest muscle in the body?

Answer: The Sartorius The Sartorius runs from the outside of the hip, down and across to the inside of the knee. It twists and pulls the thigh outwards.


 

What is the smallest muscle in the body?

Answer: The Stapedius The Stapedius is located deep in the ear. It is only 5mm long and thinner than cotton thread. It is involved in hearing.


 

What is the biggest muscle in the body?

Answer: The Gluteus Maximus The Gluteus Maximus is located in the buttock. It pulls the leg backwards powerfully for walking and running.

Functions of the Muscles

 Movement  Maintenance

of posture and muscle

tone  Heat production  Protects the bones and internal organs.

Muscle Classification


Functionally  Voluntarily can be moved at will  Involuntarily cant be moved intentionally Structurally  Striated have stripes across the fiber  Smooth no striations

The 3 Types of Muscles

3 Types of Muscles

Skeletal Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Smooth Muscle
Fibers are thin and spindle shaped.  No striations  Single nuclei  Involuntary  Contracts slowly


Smooth Muscle
 

They fatigue but very slowly Found in the circulatory system

 

Lining of the blood vessels Helps in the circulation of the blood Esophagus, stomach, intestine Controls digestion Controls breathing Urinary bladder Controls urination

Found in the digestive system

 

 

Found in the respiratory system

  

Found in the urinary system

Cardiac Muscle


  

Cells are branched and appear fused with one another Has striations Each cell has a central nuclei Involuntary

Cardiac Muscle
Found ONLY in the heart  Contractions of the heart muscles pump blood throughout the body and account for the heartbeat.  Healthy cardiac muscle NEVER fatigues or else


Skeletal Muscle
  

Fibers are long and cylindrical Has many nuclei Has striations


Have alternating dark and light bands

Voluntary

Skeletal Muscle
Attached to skeleton by tendons  Causes movement of bones at the joints.  And yes they do fatigue  Muscle fatigue activity what substance forms causing muscle fatigue???


Functions of Skeletal Muscle



Movement muscle move bones by pulling not pushing.



Synergists any movement is generally accomplished by more than one muscle. All of the muscles responsible for the movement are synergists. The one that is most responsible for the movement is the Prime Mover (agonist). (agonist).

Functions of Skeletal Muscle



Movement


Antagonists muscles and muscle groups usually work in pairs example the biceps flex your arm and its partner the triceps extend your arm. The two muscles are antagonists, i.e. cause opposite antagonists, actions. when one contracts the other relaxes. Levators muscle that raise a body part.

Fascicle Arrangement
All skeletal muscles have fascicles

Fascicle arrangement allows different functions of muscles circular (sphincter)squeeze convergentfan, triangle parallel (fusiform)--strap pennate (feather)

Power and Range of Motion

Determined by fascicular

arrangement Skeletal muscle shortens to 70% of resting length parallel--shorter, not powerful pennate--lots of fibers, powerful

Pennate Muscles
 

Unipennate:


fibers on 1 side of tendon e.g., extensor digitorum fibers on both sides of tendon e.g., rectus femoris

Bipennate:


tendon branches within muscle e.g., deltoid Multipennate: Multipennate:

Form angle with tendon Don t move as far as parallel muscles Contain more myofibrils than parallel muscles Develop more tension than parallel muscles

Figure 11 1c, d, e

Functions of Skeletal Muscle



Maintenance of posture or muscle tone



We are able to maintain our body position because of tonic contractions in our skeletal muscles. These contractions dont produce movement yet hold our muscles in position.

Heat production contraction of muscles produces most of the heat required to maintain body temperature.

Structure of Skeletal Muscle



Composed of striated muscle cells (=muscle fibers) and connective tissue.



Most muscles attach to 2 bones that have a moveable joint between them.
 

The attachment to the bone that does not move is the origin. origin. The attachment to the bone that moves is the insertion. insertion.

 

Tendons anchor muscle firmly to bones. Tendons are made of dense fibrous connective tissue. Ligaments connect bone to bone at a joint.

Structure of Skeletal Muscle



Bursae small fluid filled sacs that lie between some tendons and the bones beneath them. They are made of connective tissue and are lined with synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid.

Structure of Skeletal Muscle



Contribution of the nervous system



Electrochemical impulses travel from the frontal lobes of the cerebrum via motor nerves to the muscle fibers and cause them to contract. Sensation is a function of the brain impulses are integrated in the parietal lobes of the cerebrum (conscious muscle sense) and in the cerebellum (unconscious). These activities promote coordination. coordination.

Anatomy of skeletal muscles

epimysium tendon perimysium

Muscle Fascicle Surrounded by perimysium

Skeletal muscle Surrounded by epimysium

endomysium Skeletal muscle fiber (cell) Surrounded by endomysium

Play IP Anatomy of Skeletal muscles (IP p. 4-6)

Structure of Skeletal Muscle



Microscopic anatomy


Muscle cells (fibers) are grouped in a highly organized way in the muscle. The membrane that surrounds the muscle cell is called the sarcolemma. sarcolemma. Muscle cells are filled with 2 types of fine threadlike proteins called myofilaments: myosin (thick) and actin (thin). These structures slide past each other causing the muscle cell to contract or shorten. The myofilaments are arranged in the cells in small units called sarcomeres. sarcomeres.

Structure of Skeletal Muscle



Neuromuscular junction
 

Spot where the axon of a motor nerve nears the muscle fiber. The axon terminal does not touch the muscle but comes close. The space between the axon and the muscle cell is called the synapse. synapse. Within the terminal end of the axon are small sacs filled with a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. acetylcholine.

Muscle Contraction


Sequence


Electrical impulse travels down a motor neuron. When it reaches the end, acetylcholine (chemical) is released into the synapse. Acetylcholine bind to special receptors on the muscle cell and causes an electrical impulse to spread over the cell. The sarcomeres shorten and the muscle cell contracts.

MUSCLE MYOFIBRIL

MUSCLE FIBER SARCOMERE

Sarcomere
Z A Z A Z

Movement of Muscles
origin


Origin: the attachment of the muscle to the bone that remains stationary Insertion: the attachment of the muscle to the bone that moves Belly: the fleshy part of the muscle between the tendons of origin and/or insertion

belly

insertion

Movement of skeletal muscle

These muscles move when the brain sends messages to the muscle  Always work in pairs  2 movements of skeletal muscle


Contraction (shorten)  Extension (lengthen)



Categories of skeletal muscle actions


       

Categories
Extensor Flexor Abductor Adductor Levator Depressor Rotator Sphincter

Actions
Increases the angle at a joint Decreases the angle at a joint Moves limb away from midline of body Moves limb toward midline of body Moves insertion upward Moves insertion downward Rotates a bone along its axis Constricts an opening

Practice these Movements

Bend arm - biceps contract - triceps extend 2. Straighten arm - biceps extend - triceps contract 3. Bend knee - quadriceps extend - hamstrings contract
1.

More Movements
4. Straighten knee - quadriceps contract - hamstrings extend 5. Crunches - abdomen contract - back muscles extend 6. Point toes - calf muscle contract - shin muscle extend

Naming Skeletal Muscles

Location of the muscle  Shape of the muscle  Relative Size of the muscle  Direction/Orientation of the muscle fibers/cells  Number of Origins  Location of the Attachments  Action of the muscle


Muscles Named by Location



Epicranius (around cranium) Tibialis anterior (front of tibia) tibialis anterior

Naming Skeletal Muscles



Shape:
 

Trapezius

deltoid (triangle) trapezius (trapezoid, 2 parallel sides) serratus (saw(sawtoothed) rhomboideus (rhomboid, 4 parallel sides) orbicularis and Serratus anterior sphincters (circular)

Deltoid

Rhomboideus major

Muscles Named by Size

maximus (largest)  minimis (smallest)  longus (longest)  brevis (short)  major (large)  minor (small)


Psoas minor Psoas major

Muscles Named by Direction of Fibers



Rectus (straight) parallel to long axis Transverse Oblique

Rectus abdominis

 

External oblique

Muscles Named for Number of Origins

Biceps brachii


Biceps (2) Triceps (3) Quadriceps (4)

Muscles Named for Origin and Insertion

Sternocleidomastoid originates from sternum and clavicle and inserts on mastoid process of temporal bone

insertion

origins

Muscles Named for Action



Flexor carpi radialis (extensor carpi radialis)

flexes wrist

Abductor pollicis brevis (adductor pollicis)

flexes thumb

Adductor magnus

Abductor magnus
abducts thigh

Extensor digitorum
extends fingers

Arrangement of Fascicles


Parallel
 

strapstrap-like ex: sartorius

Fusiform
 

spindle shaped ex: biceps femoris

Arrangement of Fascicles


Pennate


"feather shaped

Unipennate


ex: extensor digitorum longus

Bipennate


ex: rectus femoris

Multipennate


ex: deltoid

Arrangement of Fascicles


Convergent


ex: pectoralis major

Circular
 

sphincters ex: orbicularis oris

There are about 60 muscles in the face.

Smiling is easier than frowning. frowning.

It takes 20 muscles to smile and over 40 to frown.

Smile and make someone happy. happy.

CLINICAL CORRELATION

ExerciseExercise-Induced Muscle Damage



Intense exercise can cause muscle damage  electron micrographs reveal torn sarcolemmas, sarcolemmas, damaged myofibrils an disrupted Z discs  increased blood levels of myoglobin & creatine phosphate found only inside muscle cells Delayed onset muscle soreness  12 to 48 Hours after strenuous exercise  stiffness, tenderness and swelling due to microscopic cell damage

Atrophy
wasting away of muscles  caused by disuse (disuse atrophy) or severing of the nerve supply (denervation atrophy) (denervation  the transition to connective tissue can not be reversed


Hypertrophy
increase in the diameter of muscle fibers  resulting from very forceful, repetitive muscular activity and an increase in myofibrils, SR & mitochondria


Axial Musculature
Arises from and inserts on the axial skeleton  Positions the head and spinal column  Moves the rib cage, assisting in breathing Axial musculature


Originates and inserts on axial skeleton

Appendicular musculature
Stabilizes or moves components of the appendicular skeleton

Axial muscles organized into four groups

Muscles of the head and neck  Muscles of the vertebral column  Oblique and rectus muscles  Muscles of the pelvic floor


Muscles of the Head and Neck

Muscles of facial expression  Extrinsic eye muscles  Muscles of mastication  Muscles of the tongue  Muscles of the pharynx  Muscles of the anterior neck


Muscles of Facial Expression

Originate on surface of skull  Largest group associated with mouth


Orbicularis oris  Buccinator



Occipitofrontalis muscle


Movement of eyebrows, forehead, scalp Skin of neck, depresses mandible

Platysma


Six Extra-Ocular (Oculomotor) ExtraMuscles

Inferior rectus  Superior rectus  Medial rectus  Lateral rectus  Superior oblique  Inferior oblique


Muscles of Mastication


Act on the mandible

Masseter  Temporalis  Pterygoid muscles


Muscles of the Tongue



Necessary for speech and swallowing

Genioglossus  Hyoglossus  Palatoglossus  Styloglossus


Muscles of the Pharynx



Initiate swallowing
Pharyngeal constrictors  Laryngeal elevators

 Palatopharyngeus  Salpingopharyngeus  Stylopharyngeus

Palatal muscles

Muscles of the Pharynx

Anterior Muscles of the Neck



Foundation for the muscles of the tongue and pharynx

Digastric  Mylohyoid  Stylohyoid  Sternocleidomastoid


Anterior Muscles of the Neck

Muscles of the Vertebral Column



Covered by a superficial layer of back muscles

 

Trapezius Latissimus dorsi

Deep muscles: Interconnect and stabilize the vertebrae

Superficial and deep layers

Superficial muscles: Splenius muscles Spinal extensors

Transversospinal group
Semispinalis Multifidus Rotatores Interspinales

Spinalis Longissimus Iliocostalis

Longissimus and iliocostalis merge in Intertransversarii lumbar region

Muscles of the Vertebral Column

  

Longus capitus Longus colli



Rotate and flex the neck

Quadratus lumborum muscles

 

Flex the spine Depress the ribs

Muscles of the Vertebral Column

The Oblique and Rectus Muscles



Oblique muscles of neck and thorax

  

Scalenes Intercostals Transverses muscles



Oblique and Rectus Muscles Rectus abdominus Abdominal oblique muscles

Important in respiration

Compress underlying organs Rotate the vertebral column

External oblique muscle Internal oblique muscle Rectus abdominis muscle

Diaphragm
 

Separates abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities Most important muscle in respiration

The Oblique and Rectus Muscles

The Diaphragm

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

   

Extend from the sacrum and coccyx to the ischium and pubis Support the organs of the pelvic cavity Flex the joints of the sacrum and coccyx Control movement of materials through anus and urethra

Perineum
Anterior urogenital triangle
Urogenital diaphragm

Posterior anal triangle

Pelvic diaphragm

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

Figure 10.15c Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

Appendicular musculature is responsible for

Stabilizing pectoral girdle  Stabilizing pelvic girdle  Moving upper and lower limbs


Four groups of muscles

Muscles that position the pectoral girdle Muscles that move the arm Muscles that move the forearm and hand Muscles that move the hand and fingers

Muscles that move the pectoral girdle



Trapezius muscle


Serratus anterior muscle

Affects position of pectoral girdle, neck, head

Abducts scapula Swings shoulder anteriorly Originates on ribs

Subclavius and pectoralis minor muscles

Rhomboid muscles
  

Adducts scapula Deep to trapezius Inserts on scapula Elevates scapula

Levator scapulae muscle



Arise along ventral surface of ribs Depress and protract shoulder

Muscles that Move the Arm

 

Deltoid and supraspinatus



Coracobrachialis

Abduction at the shoulder

Flexion and adduction at shoulder

Pectoralis major muscle

Supscapularis and teres major



Rotate arm medially

Flexes shoulder Adducts and medially rotates arm

Latissumus dorsi muscle

Infraspinatus and teres minor



Extends shoulder Adducts and medially rotates arm

Rotate arm laterally Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis

Rotator cuff

Muscles that Move the Arm

Muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs



Three groups
Muscles that move the thighs  Muscles that move the leg  Muscles that move the foot and toes


Muscles that Move the Thigh



Gluteal muscles cover lateral surface of ilium



Adductor group adducts hip

Gluteus maximus
 

Extension and lateral rotation of hip Pulls on iliotibial tract

Tensor fasciae latae muscle

 

Produces flexion, abduction and medial rotation Pulls on iliotibial tract

Adductor magnus muscle Adductor brevis muscle Adductor longus muscle Pectineus muscle Gracilis muscle

Piriformis and obturator muscles

Lateral rotators
Psoas major and iliacus

Merge to form iliopsoas Power flexor of hip

Muscles that Move the Thigh

Muscles that Move the Thigh

Muscles that Move the Leg



Extensor muscles of the knee



Flexors of the knee and extensors of hip

Anterior and lateral surfaces of the thigh Posterior and medial surfaces of the thigh Originate on pelvic girdle Originate at femoral surface

Flexor muscles of the knee



Biceps femoris Semimembranosus muscle Semitendinosus muscle

Sartorius muscle

Flexor of knee
Popliteal muscle

 

Flexors and adductors



Medial rotation of tibia Unlocks knee joint

Extensors
Quadriceps femoris knee extensors


Vastus intermedius muscle Vastus lateralis muscle Vastus medialis muscle Rectus femoris muscle

  

Gastrocnemius and soleus muscles



Muscles that Move the Foot and Toes

Plantar flexion Dorsiflexion Eversion and plantar flexion

Tibialis anterior


Fibularis muscles


Smaller muscles of calf and shin

Position foot Move toes

Precise control of phalanges

Muscles on tarsal and metatarsal bones

Muscles that Move the Forearm and Hand



Biceps brachii
Flexes elbow  Supinates forearm


Triceps brachii


Extends elbow

Muscles that Move the Forearm and Hand



Brachialis and brachioradialis



Extensor carpi radialis muscle

Abducts and extends wrist

Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle

Flex the elbow

Anconeus muscle and triceps brachii



Adducts and extends wrist

Pronator teres, pronator quadratus muscles

Extend the elbow (oppose brachialis)

Pronate forearm without flexion or extension

Suppinator muscle

Flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus

  

Opposes pronator muscles

Flex the wrist Flexor carpi ulnaris adducts wrist Flexor carpi radialis abducts wrist

Muscles that Move the Hand and Fingers

  

Superficial and deep muscles of the forearm Large muscles Tendons cross wrist
 

Synovial tendon sheaths Thickened fascia

 

Extensor retinaculum and flexor retinaculum Carpal tunnel syndrome

Extrinsic Muscles that Move the Hand and Fingers

Intrinsic Muscles, Tendons and Ligaments of the Hand