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It runs tests to make sure everything is working correctly.  It checks for new hardware.  It then starts up the operating system.


Process Management. (All process from start to shut down) Resource Management. (Coordinating among peripherals)
 File Management.(Attributes size, type, modified, protection, password)

Communication Management(User,Application S/W,Hardware) Memory Management. (Primary /Secondary) Security Management. (Passwords/ Access protection) Input /Output Management(different co-ordination of output and input
device)

Batch Processing Operating System Real-time Operating System Single User Operating System Multi-Tasking Operating System Multi-User Operating System multi-threading operating systems Distributed operating systems

Types of Operating Systems

Batch Processing Operating System
In a batch processing operating system interaction between the user and processor is limited or there is no interaction at all during the execution of work. Data and programs that need to be processed are bundled and collected as a batch and executed together.eg Payroll, stock control and billing systems. Batch processing operating systems are ideal in situations where: - There are large amounts of data to be processed. - Similar data needs to be processed. - Similar processing is involved when executing the data.

Single User Operating System

A real-time operating system processes inputs simultaneously, fast enough to affect the next input or process. Real-time systems are usually used to control complex systems that require a lot of processing like machinery and industrial systems.

Types of Operating Systems

Single User Operating System A single user OS as the name suggests is designed for one user to effectively use a computer at a time.

Multi-Tasking Operating System In this type of OS several applications maybe simultaneously loaded and used in the memory. While the processor handles only one application at a particular time it is capable of switching between the applications effectively to apparently simultaneously execute each application. This type of operating system is seen everywhere today and is the most common type of OS, the Windows operating system would be an example.

Types of Operating Systems

Multi-User Operating System This type of OS allows multiple users to simultaneously use the system, while here as well, the processor splits its resources and handles one user at a time, the speed and efficiency at which it does this makes it apparent that users are simultaneously using the system, some network systems utilize this kind of operating system

The multi-threading operating systems are created to allow different parts of software programs to run at the same time. Some examples of multi-threading operating systems include Linux, UNIX, and Windows 2000. Multithreading is the ability of an operating system to execute the different parts of the program, called threads, simultaneously. The program has to be designed well so that the different threads do not interfere with each other. This concept helps to create scalable applications because you can add threads as and when needed. Individual programs are all isolated from each other in terms of their memory and data, but individual threads are not as they all share the same memory and data variables.

Types of Operating Systems

Distributed operating systems

Provides the illusion of a single main memory space and single secondary memory space
Advantages of distributed systems. --Resources Sharing Computation speed up load sharing Reliability Communications It requires : Requires networking infrastructure. Local area networks (LAN) or Wide area networks (WAN) May be either client-server or peer-to-peer systems

Examples of operating systems

The three most common operating systems for personal computers are Microsoft Windows, Apple Mac OS X, and Linux

 Modern operating systems use a Graphical User Interface,

or GUI (pronounced "gooey"). A GUI lets you use your mouse to click on icons, buttons, and menus, and everything is clearly displayed on the screen using a combination of graphics and text

 .Each operating system's GUI has a different look and feel, so if you switch to a

different operating system it may seem unfamiliar at first. However, modern operating systems are designed to be easy to use, and most of the basic principles are the same.

Microsoft Windows
y When anyone hears the name Microsoft to

Microsoft Windows 3.0was 1990 released May, 22 1990.. Microsoft Windows 95 was released August 24, 1995 and 1995 sells more than 1 Million copies within 4 days. 2000 Microsoft Windows 2000 was released February 17, 2000.

think of one person: Bill Gates, the founder of the company. It s said that Bill Gates is one of the smartest programmers ever.

y Microsoft is a multinational computer

technology corporation. Microsoft's big break came in 1980 as IBM began developing its Personal Computer, or PC. IBM contracted Microsoft to develop languages for the PC. As Microsoft did not have an operating system of its own, the company purchased the rights to one from Seattle Computer Products. Originally dubbed Q-DOS (for "Quick and Dirty Operating System"), the product was renamed MS-DOS (for "Microsoft Disk Operating System"). MS-DOS became the industry's leading operating system . Microsoft is a multinational computer technology corporation. When Microsoft launched several versions of Microsoft Windows in the 1990s, they had captured over 90% market share of the world's personal computers.

Microsoft Windows XP is 2001 released October 25, 2001. Microsoft releases Microsoft Windows Vistato 2006 corporations on November 30, 2006. Microsoft releases Microsoft Windows Vista and Office 2007 2007 to the general public January 30, 2007. 2009 Microsoftreleases Windows 7October 22, 2009.

Windows 3.0 It is a 16-bit operating system that needs a preinstalled DOS like MS-DOS. In May 1990 Windows 3.0 came onto the market as graphical operating system extension for DOS in the languages German, English and French. The main advantage, unlike DOS, is the simultaneous execution of DOS and Windows programs in a graphical user interface. Virtual machines allow the simultaneous execution of several DOS applications in a separate 8086/8088 environment. Applications are running in cooperative multitasking and can now use up to 16 Mbytes of RAM. The user control during the graphical installation is made via keyboard and mouse. The Program Manager provides management and launching applications through icons and windows. The Control Panel is used to manage the associated hardware and software management. Applications such as Windows Write, PC Paintbrush, Terminal, Calendar, etc. are included in the operating system. The Print Manager manages both the LAN as well as locally connected printer. The printed document corresponds to the document on the screen after the WYSIWYG method. Windows 3.0 has a GDI (Graphics Display Interface), an API (Application Program Interface) for programmer and supports DDE (Dynamic Data Exchange) and OLE (Object Linking and Embedding). The central clipboard for copying and cutting text, images and objects to any application is accessible via a separate application. The operating system is optimized for 286 and 386 processors. With 286 processors, only the Standard and Real Modes are available. In Standard Mode you can can use up to 16 MB memory with XMS. The Real Mode allows the use of a maximum of 640 Kbytes of RAM (additional memory available with EMS) and run DOS applications in full screen without protected memory and multitasking. The Enhanced Mode is only available for 386 processor and requires more conventional memory. It provides additional multitasking for DOS applications with their own virtual instances with adjustable priority (time slice) and the use of virtual memory with a swap file. Minimum Requirements: - 80286 or higher processor with 10 MHz - 1 MB RAM - 6 MB free hard disk drive space - 5 1/4 or 3 1/2 inch floppy drive - CGA, EGA, VGA or compatible graphic card - MS-DOS 3.1 or PC-DOS 3.1 preinstalled - Optionally mouse, modem

Windows 95

 Windows 2000

Windows xp

 Windows vista

Windows 7

 Apple Mac OS Mac OS is a line of operating systems created by Apple Inc. It comes preloaded on all new Macintosh computers, or Macs. All of the recent versions are known as Mac OS X (pronounced Mac O-S Ten), and their specific version names are Lion (released in 2011), Snow Leopard (2009) and Leopard (2007). Apple also offers a version called Mac OS X Server, which is designed to be run on servers. According to StatCounter Global Stats, Mac OS X users account for 6.3% of the operating systems market as of June 2011 - much lower than the percentage of Windows users (over 90%). One reason for this is that Apple computers tend to be more expensive. However, many people prefer the look and feel of Mac OS X.

Linux Linux (pronounce LINN-ux) is a family of open source operating systems, which means that they can be modified and distributed by anyone around the world. This is very different from proprietary software like Windows, which can only be modified by the company that owns it (Microsoft). The advantages of Linux are that it is free, and there are many different distributions (or versions) that you can choose from. Each distribution has a different look and feel, and the most popular ones include Ubuntu, Mint, and Fedora. Linux is named after Linus Torvalds, who created the Linux kernel in 1991. The kernel is the computer code that is the central part of an operating system. According to StatCounter Global Stats, Linux users account for less than 1% of the operating systems market as of June 2011. However, most servers run Linux because it's relatively easy to customize.

Facts
Did you know that as youngTeenagers Bill Gates and PaulAllen ran a small company called Traf-O-Data and sold a computer to the city of Seattle that could count city traffic?