VARIETY OF ORGANISMS

Diversity Biologists explore life across its great diversity of species Diversity is a hallmark of life

Grouping Species: The Basic Idea the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life Is the branch of biology that names and classifies species according to a system of broader and broader groups

Figure 29.1

Taxonomy: A History Carolus Linnaeus/Carol von Linnae (17071778) Swedish physician and botanist sought to discover order in the diversity of life for the greater glory of the Lord divided life between plants and animals developed the two part or binomial system of naming organisms according to genus and species that is still used today

Taxonomy: A History Robert H. Whittaker (1969) led a team of researcher from Cornell University. proposed a 5-kingdom system: Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

Taxonomy: A History Carl Woese (1977) added Archaea as a sixth kingdom redefined his classification to three domains in 1990: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya.

Taxonomy: A History

Classifying life
Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain

Domain

Do

Kingdom Kings Phylum Class Order Family Genus Play Chess

Ursus americanus (American black bear) Ursus

Ursidae

Carnivora

Mammalia

On
Chordata

Fine
Animalia

Grain
Figure 1.14
Eukarya

Species Sand

The Three Domains of Life At the highest level, life is classified into three domains
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Domain Bacteria and domain Archaea

Consist of prokaryotes

Domain Eukarya, the eukaryotes

Includes the various protist kingdoms and the kingdoms Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

Types of Cells Prokaryotes no nucleus and has single loop of DNA

Eukaryotes has nucleus, DNA is longer and contain more information, has a lot of organelles

VARIETY OF ORGANISMS

Diversity Biologists explore life across its great diversity of species Diversity is a hallmark of life

Grouping Species: The Basic Idea the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life Is the branch of biology that names and classifies species according to a system of broader and broader groups

Figure 29.1

Taxonomy: A History Carolus Linnaeus/Carol von Linnae (17071778) Swedish physician and botanist sought to discover order in the diversity of life for the greater glory of the Lord divided life between plants and animals developed the two part or binomial system of naming organisms according to genus and species that is still used today

Taxonomy: A History Robert H. Whittaker (1969) led a team of researcher from Cornell University. proposed a 5-kingdom system: Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

Taxonomy: A History Carl Woese (1977) added Archaea as a sixth kingdom redefined his classification to three domains in 1990: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya.

Taxonomy: A History

Classifying life
Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain

Domain

Do

Kingdom Kings Phylum Class Order Family Genus Play Chess

Ursus americanus (American black bear) Ursus

Ursidae

Carnivora

Mammalia

On
Chordata

Fine
Animalia

Grain
Figure 1.14
Eukarya

Species Sand

The Three Domains of Life At the highest level, life is classified into three domains
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Domain Bacteria and domain Archaea

Consist of prokaryotes

Domain Eukarya, the eukaryotes

Includes the various protist kingdoms and the kingdoms Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

Types of Cells Prokaryotes no nucleus and has single loop of DNA

Eukaryotes has nucleus, DNA is longer and contain more information, has a lot of organelles

Lifes three domains

Bacteria are the most diverse 4 m and widespread prokaryotes and are now divided among multiple kingdoms. Each of the rod-shaped structures in this photo is a bacterial cell.

DOMAIN ARCHAEA

Protists (multiple kingdoms) 100 m are unicellular eukaryotes and their relatively simple multicellular relatives.Pictured here is an assortment of protists inhabiting pond water. Scientists are currently debating how to split the protists into several kingdoms that better represent evolution and diversity.

Kingdom Plantae consists of multicellula eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy to food.

Figure 1.15

Many of the prokaryotes known 0.5 m as archaea live in Earth s extreme environments, such as salty lakes and boiling hot springs. Domain Archaea includes multiple kingdoms. The photo shows a colony composed of many cells.

Kindom Fungi is defined in part by the nutritional mode of its members, such as this mushroom, which absorb nutrientsafter decomposing organic material.

Kindom Animalia consists of multicellular eukaryotes that ingest other organisms.

Bacteria/Eubacteria Prokaryotes Rarely have organelles Often motile using pili or flagella Peptidoglycan (a kind of protein) in cell wall Can be found in many different shapes and sizes Can be found in almost any environment Ex. E. coli

1 Qm (a) Spherical (cocci) (b) Rod-shaped (bacilli)

2 Qm (c) Spiral

5 Qm

Archaebacteria Prokaryotes Mostly inhabit extreme environments (extremophiles)

gure 27.1

Archaebacteria Archaean groups based on environmentsal criteria 1. Methanogens obtain energy using CO2 to oxidize H2 producing methane; live mostly in swamps and marshes where there is little oxygen

2. Halophiles live in saline places. Some just tolerate salinity while some require a degree of salt to be present to survive.

Archaebacteria 3. 4. Thermophiles thrive in hot environments Alkaliphiles/Acidophiles thrive in basic or acidic environments.

- ex. Sulfulobulos

Protists mostly unicellular eukaryotes maybe several kingdoms within Domain Eukarya Some make food by photosynthesis (algae) Some are heterotrophic and eat bacteria and other protests

Protists Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic Some protests are fungus-like Ex. Amoeba, brown algae, Diatoms, Trypanosoma

Figure 28.1

50 Qm

5 m (a) Giardia intestinalis, a diplomonad (colorized SEM) Figure 28.5a

Figure 28.7

9 Qm

Fungi heterotrophic eukaryotes that digest their food externally and absorb externally and absorb the nutrients. usually consists of a mass of threadlike hyphae called a mycelium ex. Yeast, Button mushrooms, truffles

10 Qm

(a) The cup-shaped ascocarps (fruiting bodies) of Aleuria aurantia give this species its common name: orange peel fungus.

(b) The edible ascocarp of Morchella esculenta, the succulent morel, is often found under trees in orchards.

Parent cell

10 Qm

Bud

Figure 31.7
(c) Tuber melanosporum is a truffle, an ascocarp that grows underground and emits strong odors. These ascocarps have been dug up and the middle one sliced open. (d) Neurospora crassa feeds as a mold on bread and other food (SEM).

Plants multicellular eukaryotes that make organic molecules by photosynthesize. have fortified cell well (lignin) obtain nutrients in two media (air and water) ex. Trees, shrubs, grasses

Leaves produced by adult phase of apical meristem

Leaves produced by juvenile phase of apical meristem Figure 35.29

29.1

Animalia are multicellular, heterophic and lack cell walls held together by extracellular structural proteins and by unique type of multicellular junctions reproduce sexually

What is

Life?

(b) Evolutionary adaptation (a) Order (c) Response to the environment

(d) Regulation

(e) Energy processing

(f) Growth and development

(g) Reproduction

Figure 1.2

Characteristics of Living Things Order All other characteristics of life emerge from an organism's highly ordered structure Reproduction Life only comes from life (biogenesis) Growth and Development Heritable programs in the form of DNAdirect the pattern, producing an organism that is characteristic of its species.

Characteristics of Living Things Energy Utilization Organisms take in energy and transform it to do many kinds of work. Response to the environment Homeostasis Regulatory mechanisms maintain an organisms internal environment within tolerable limits, even though the external environment may fluctuate.

Characteristics of Living Things Evolutionary Adaptation Life evolves as a result of the interaction between organisms and their environment. One consequence of evolution is the adaptation of organisms to their environment.