Diversity Biologists explore life across its great diversity of species Diversity is a hallmark of life
Grouping Species: The Basic Idea the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life Is the branch of biology that names and classifies species according to a system of broader and broader groups
Figure 29.1
Taxonomy: A History Carolus Linnaeus/Carol von Linnae (17071778) Swedish physician and botanist sought to discover order in the diversity of life for the greater glory of the Lord divided life between plants and animals developed the two part or binomial system of naming organisms according to genus and species that is still used today
Taxonomy: A History Robert H. Whittaker (1969) led a team of researcher from Cornell University. proposed a 5-kingdom system: Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia
Taxonomy: A History Carl Woese (1977) added Archaea as a sixth kingdom redefined his classification to three domains in 1990: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya.
Taxonomy: A History
Classifying life
Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain
Domain
Do
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
On
Chordata
Fine
Animalia
Grain
Figure 1.14
Eukarya
Species Sand
The Three Domains of Life At the highest level, life is classified into three domains
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Eukaryotes has nucleus, DNA is longer and contain more information, has a lot of organelles
VARIETY OF ORGANISMS
Diversity Biologists explore life across its great diversity of species Diversity is a hallmark of life
Grouping Species: The Basic Idea the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life Is the branch of biology that names and classifies species according to a system of broader and broader groups
Figure 29.1
Taxonomy: A History Carolus Linnaeus/Carol von Linnae (17071778) Swedish physician and botanist sought to discover order in the diversity of life for the greater glory of the Lord divided life between plants and animals developed the two part or binomial system of naming organisms according to genus and species that is still used today
Taxonomy: A History Robert H. Whittaker (1969) led a team of researcher from Cornell University. proposed a 5-kingdom system: Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia
Taxonomy: A History Carl Woese (1977) added Archaea as a sixth kingdom redefined his classification to three domains in 1990: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya.
Taxonomy: A History
Classifying life
Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain
Domain
Do
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
On
Chordata
Fine
Animalia
Grain
Figure 1.14
Eukarya
Species Sand
The Three Domains of Life At the highest level, life is classified into three domains
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Eukaryotes has nucleus, DNA is longer and contain more information, has a lot of organelles
Bacteria are the most diverse 4 m and widespread prokaryotes and are now divided among multiple kingdoms. Each of the rod-shaped structures in this photo is a bacterial cell.
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
Protists (multiple kingdoms) 100 m are unicellular eukaryotes and their relatively simple multicellular relatives.Pictured here is an assortment of protists inhabiting pond water. Scientists are currently debating how to split the protists into several kingdoms that better represent evolution and diversity.
Kingdom Plantae consists of multicellula eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy to food.
Figure 1.15
Many of the prokaryotes known 0.5 m as archaea live in Earth s extreme environments, such as salty lakes and boiling hot springs. Domain Archaea includes multiple kingdoms. The photo shows a colony composed of many cells.
Kindom Fungi is defined in part by the nutritional mode of its members, such as this mushroom, which absorb nutrientsafter decomposing organic material.
Bacteria/Eubacteria Prokaryotes Rarely have organelles Often motile using pili or flagella Peptidoglycan (a kind of protein) in cell wall Can be found in many different shapes and sizes Can be found in almost any environment Ex. E. coli
2 Qm (c) Spiral
5 Qm
gure 27.1
Archaebacteria Archaean groups based on environmentsal criteria 1. Methanogens obtain energy using CO2 to oxidize H2 producing methane; live mostly in swamps and marshes where there is little oxygen
2. Halophiles live in saline places. Some just tolerate salinity while some require a degree of salt to be present to survive.
Archaebacteria 3. 4. Thermophiles thrive in hot environments Alkaliphiles/Acidophiles thrive in basic or acidic environments.
- ex. Sulfulobulos
Protists mostly unicellular eukaryotes maybe several kingdoms within Domain Eukarya Some make food by photosynthesis (algae) Some are heterotrophic and eat bacteria and other protests
Protists Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic Some protests are fungus-like Ex. Amoeba, brown algae, Diatoms, Trypanosoma
Figure 28.1
50 Qm
Figure 28.7
9 Qm
Fungi heterotrophic eukaryotes that digest their food externally and absorb externally and absorb the nutrients. usually consists of a mass of threadlike hyphae called a mycelium ex. Yeast, Button mushrooms, truffles
10 Qm
(a) The cup-shaped ascocarps (fruiting bodies) of Aleuria aurantia give this species its common name: orange peel fungus.
(b) The edible ascocarp of Morchella esculenta, the succulent morel, is often found under trees in orchards.
Parent cell
10 Qm
Bud
Figure 31.7
(c) Tuber melanosporum is a truffle, an ascocarp that grows underground and emits strong odors. These ascocarps have been dug up and the middle one sliced open. (d) Neurospora crassa feeds as a mold on bread and other food (SEM).
Plants multicellular eukaryotes that make organic molecules by photosynthesize. have fortified cell well (lignin) obtain nutrients in two media (air and water) ex. Trees, shrubs, grasses
29.1
Animalia are multicellular, heterophic and lack cell walls held together by extracellular structural proteins and by unique type of multicellular junctions reproduce sexually
What is
Life?
(d) Regulation
(g) Reproduction
Figure 1.2
Characteristics of Living Things Order All other characteristics of life emerge from an organism's highly ordered structure Reproduction Life only comes from life (biogenesis) Growth and Development Heritable programs in the form of DNAdirect the pattern, producing an organism that is characteristic of its species.
Characteristics of Living Things Energy Utilization Organisms take in energy and transform it to do many kinds of work. Response to the environment Homeostasis Regulatory mechanisms maintain an organisms internal environment within tolerable limits, even though the external environment may fluctuate.
Characteristics of Living Things Evolutionary Adaptation Life evolves as a result of the interaction between organisms and their environment. One consequence of evolution is the adaptation of organisms to their environment.